World Food Policy WFP Volume 4, No. 2, Spring 2018 | Page 54

World Food Policy
Enhancing the current institutions,
policies and investments that have
facilitated their rapid ST and RT
and inclusiveness (e.g., rural pov-
erty reduction); 2) using integrat-
ed urban-rural development and
balanced regional development
strategies to narrow urban-rural
and regional income gaps; and 3)
enhancing sustainable agricultural
development strategy to resolve the
increasing stresses from water and
land degradation.
successful ST and RT; 4) increasing
roles of agricultural and rural devel-
opment in both ST and RT.
References
Alston, J.M., C. Chan-Kang, M.C. Mar-
ra, P.G. Pardey, and T. J. Wyatt. 2000. A
Meta-Analysis of the Rates of Return to
Agricultural R&D: Ex Pede Herculem.
IFPRI Research Report No. 113. Wash-
ington, DC: International Food Policy
Research Institute (IFPRI).
• Category III countries with slow to
moderate ST, RT and poverty re-
duction: 1) A primary strategy is to
bring these countries back on the
track of faster ST and RT and using
both ST and RT to facilitate their
inclusive rural transformation; 2)
overcoming major institutional and
policy failures that have prevented
them to achieve successful ST and
RT; 3) creating more jobs for rural
labors through developing labor-in-
tensive industry and service sectors;
and 4) emphasizing roles of agricul-
tural and rural development in both
ST and RT;.
Asian Development Bank. 2000. Rural
Asia: Beyond the Green Revolution.
Manila: ADB.
Babu, S., J. Huang, P. Venkatesh and Y.
Zhang, 2015. A Comparative Analysis
of Agricultural Research and Extension
Reforms in China and India. China Ag-
ricultural Economic Review, forthcom-
ing.
Balisacan, A. M. and N. Fuwa. 2003.
Growth, Inequality and Politics Revis-
ited: A Developing-Country Case. Eco-
nomics Letters. Vol. 79, 53-58.
• Category II countries with fast (or
slow) in one of ST and RT and mod-
erate reduction: 1) A primary strat-
egy is to bring these countries back
on the track of both fast ST and RT;
2) enhancing the current institu-
tions, policies and investments that
have facilitated their either fast ST
or fast RT; 3) overcoming major in-
stitutional and policy failures that
have prevented them to have both
Banerjee, A. and Iyer, L. 2005. Histo-
ry, Institutions, and Economic Perfor-
mance: The Legacy of Colonial Land
Tenure Systems in India. The American
Economic Review, 95(4), 1190-1213.
Bhagwati, J. and T. N. Srinivasan. 2002.
Trade and poverty in the poor coun-
tries. The American Economic Review,
180–183.
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