World Food Policy Volume 3, No. 2/Volume 4, No. 1, Fall16/Spring17 | Page 50

World Food Policy
Table 7 . Economic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Fish Production per Sao at Farms in Hai Duong Province
Unit : 1,000 VND
FS system ( N = 51 )
* The fixed cost is calculated based on depreciation over 10 years .
Source : survey , 2015 .
AF system ( N = 65 )
VAC system ( N = 35 )
Total value of fish 13,336.7 15,610.2 15,100.8
All variable costs ( Purchased Activity Direct Inputs )
6,043.8 7,596.4 6,700.2
Fingerlings 2,202.8 2,577.4 2,995.3 Feed 5,480.2 6,821.1 5,655.5 Fertilizer 3.6 1.0 9.4 Lime 92.7 113.2 84.5 Chemicals 242.4 283.6 208.2 Energy 187.6 335.7 338.7 Other 48.6 48.6 28.5 Gross margin of fish 7,292.9 8,013.8 8,400.7 All capital Depreciation * 775.3 1,079.5 1,028.0
Family farm available Income of Fish
6,517.6 6,934.4 7,372.7 Working labor ( man-days ) 14.03 16.43 32.64
count . The operation of the pond was carried out through family labor ; thus , the opportunity costs from the labor of collecting leaves and grasses as feed and manure as fertilizer were not included here , as these resources had no monetary value in the research area . Under the VAC system , cereals ( maize and rice ), rice bran , and some agricultural by-products were resources with a market value and showed a high variation in the amount used as pond input .
Under the farming management of AF and FS systems , compound feed was the highest financial input , comprising on average ( 90 %) of the total value of pond inputs . The variable costs were feed , fertilizer , lime , chemicals , electricity , and other operational costs . Labor is excluded in the price of the total cost . However , labor employment was estimated and research calculations showed that fish farms with the VAC system are the most labor-intensive ( 32.64 man-day
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