World Food Policy
摘要
本文检验了“有适应力的萨赫勒居民”（resilient Sahelian）
这一被无数援助行为者和资助机构在西非所寻求的形象。这
个关于适应力的观念是否促进形成了真正的新事物？如果是
的话，又是如何形成的？它提出了怎样的方法论挑战？它能
投入操作吗？最重要的是，它要求我们实施哪种政策？如
果“有适应力的萨赫勒居民”不只是一个诗意的暗喻的话，
就需要迎面解决这些问题。
关键词：适应力，粮食不安全，萨赫勒，易受影响性，能力
Introduction
T
their impact on human populations
(UNISDR 2002). It then spread far be-
yond this field. Initially referring to the
ability to recover from a major shock,
resilience was then also considered to
refer to the capacity to learn and adapt,
particularly in protracted crisis or pov-
erty situations, and to the capacity to
anticipate and prevent. Its wholesale
use has considerably widened defini-
tions of the notion, such as the one used
by AGIR 3 : “Resilience is the ability of
an individual, a household, a commu-
nity, a country or a region to withstand,
adapt, and quickly recover from stress-
es and shocks such as drought, violence,
conflict or natural disaster” (European
Union 2012). It risks becoming a catch-
all notion onto which anyone can proj-
ect whatever meaning they wish.
he aid sector is subject to fash-
ions. And regularly, “experts” are
convinced, or claim to be, that
they have found a framework that will
allow us solve the ills of humanity. In the
2010s, that “miraculous” notion is resil-
ience. This notion came from outside
the aid sector, in two disciplinary fields:
in psychology, it relates to how a person
recovers from a shock or a succession
of unfavorable events (Luthar 2006); in
ecology, it refers to an analysis conduct-
ed to establish if an ecosystem manag-
es, following a disruption, to maintain
its vital functions and to adapt (Holling
1973). The focus of this analysis then
shifted to social–ecological systems
combining nature and humans, such
as urban systems (Walker et al. 2004).
It can also be seen as the result of
Centered on shocks, resilience was first
used by institutions such as the UNIS- a long process of reflection on the fight
DR 2 in the field of natural disasters and against food insecurity and its failures.
2
3
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
Global Alliance for Resilience in Sahelian areas, implemented by European Union.
128