World Food Policy
cessors is thus essential not only when setting up the GI application , but also when implementing the internal control . Internal control was the main control in France before 2006 , under the supervision of INAO . Internal control is critical as it paves the way for lighter , easier external control , enables farmers to share and learn from each other , and reduces the risk of non-compliance . External control can be facilitated by strong efficient internal control : for Kampot Pepper , only 16 farmers were subjected to external control .
Conclusion
This article presents the GI control systems that are currently emerging in Southeast Asia , and highlights the difficulties encountered at various levels in making these systems both operational and credible , yet at a reasonable cost . While certification by internationally accredited third-party certification bodies is generally presented as the gold standard , it might not be the most suitable system for GIs , in terms of costs , sharing , and learning . Furthermore , a careful look at the latest version of the EU Regulation of 2012 shows that , for foreign GIs , third-party certification might not even be a precondition for entering EU markets . Finally , an increasing number of foreign GIs are protected in Europe through bilateral agreements that include a list of GIs to be protected in the signatory countries of the agreement , without having to rely on the provisions of the EU Regulation on GIs . In this sense , GIs are much more flexible than the
EU organic agriculture standard , which requires a 17 065 certification system or a system judged to be equivalent to the European system . This means that countries willing to export GI products still have considerable latitude in the design of their certification schemes , and should consider several options in the light of the cost , the level of farmers ’ knowledge and awareness , and the domestic control capacities , with the aim of implementing efficient control .
References
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Belletti , G ., T . Burgassi , A . Marescotti , and S . Scaramuzzi . 2007 . " The Effects of Certification Costs on the Success of a PDO / PGI ." In Quality Management in Food Chains , edited by Ludwig Theuvsen , Achim Spiller , Martina Peupert , and Gabriele Jahn , 107 – 121 . Wageningen Academic Publishers .
Bowen , S . 2010 . " Development from Within ? The Potential for Geographical Indications in the Global South ." The Journal of World Intellectual Property 13 ( 2 ): 231 – 252 . doi : 10.1111 / j . 1747- 1796.2009.00361 . x .
Bramley , C ., D . Marie-Vivien , and E . Biénabe . 2013 . " Considerations in Designing an Appropriate Legal Framework for GIs in Southern Countries ." In Developing Geographical Indications in the South — The Southern African Expe-
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