Under Construction @ Keele 2018 Vol. IV (II) | Page 38

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process are not functioning in the way they are supposed to. There are questions about their
realisation of inclusiveness, popular control, considered judgement and transparency. With all
their challenges, the IDP process and the ward committees are the recognised and legislated
avenues of public participation. This means that they cannot be ignored, but they need to be
improved. Further empirical research will have to be conducted to confirm or refute the
available literature on this subject, and also to provide recommendations for improvement.