Gender minorities face oppression in the form of transphobia , and - in particular , transgender men and non-binary individuals with female genitalia , discrimination based on being pregnant and male . Consider the following example : in June 2019 , a transgender man by the name of Shaun Simmons faced discrimination at work because of his pregnancy and gender identity . 18 Such discrimination , as described in an article by Dan Avery , includes being harassed in the men ’ s bathroom and colleagues complaining about the standard of his work to have him demoted . Simmons also claims an offer of a promotion was revoked , and he was placed on unpaid leave the month he was due to give birth to his child . 19 Simmons is not the only transgender man to have suffered such discrimination . Logan Brown met with Chloe Laws from Glamour magazine in 2023 and spoke of his experiences as a pregnant transgender man . He was bullied online , with one user in particular encouraging their large online following to harass him with the phrase ‘ men can ’ t get pregnant .’ 20 This was understandably hurtful and damaging . So , what about Shaun Simmons and Logan Brown ? What about transgender men who can get pregnant ? Those who are non-binary , but assigned female at birth ? The Gender Based Defence makes no provision for them . Is this because the Proviso does not apply to them , as they do not identify as women ? Markowitz ’ s argument is proven to be lacking here , as it asserts that not all people with a female reproductive system are entitled to abortion if they are not cisgender women . This restriction to access abortion purely on the grounds of gender identity , in my opinion , puts her on par with some of the most regressive arguments in reproductive justice .
Further , if we revise the two principles of Markowitz ’ s argument , there is another complication . To begin , the Impermissible Sacrifice Principle maintains that when one social group is systematically oppressed by another , it is impermissible to require the oppressed group to make sacrifices that perpetuate or exacerbate said oppression . 21 Women , according to the Feminist Proviso , are systematically oppressed by men and
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