this oppression .” 8 This , for women , includes carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term .
The Impermissible Sacrifice Principle alone is insufficient and thus , Markowitz recommends it be complemented by the Feminist Proviso , by which “ women are , as a group , sexually oppressed by men . This oppression can neither be completely understood in terms of , nor otherwise reduced to oppressions of other sorts .” 9 The purpose of this second principle is to eradicate any doubt that women , as a social group , suffer oppression by men . It also deprecates men from making light of how certain women experience this oppression . Together , the Impermissible Sacrifice Principle and the Feminist Proviso provide justification for abortion for all women as a social group simply because they are oppressed ( despite the fact that it is not only women who can get pregnant ), and anti-abortion policies perpetuate this oppression .
More is to be said in further sections about Markowitz ’ s exclusion of gender minorities , but as my intention is to prove the Gender Based Defence does not ensure reproductive justice for gender minorities , I will first need to provide a definition .
What is meant by Reproductive Justice ?
In this section , I will describe what is meant by reproductive justice . It is important to acknowledge that , as highlighted by Loretta Ross , reproductive justice goes beyond the common debate between pro-choice and pro-life . 10 That is not to say decriminalising abortion is unimportant , only that there is more to reproductive justice than simply ensuring that abortions are both safe and readily accessible for all . Ross posits three principles of reproductive justice :
31