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UGLOBAL.COM
The main
recipient
of world's
offshore
wealth is
an Asian
tax haven:
Hong Kong,
representing
16.5 percent
of the world
total...
HNWIs in 2017 (countries with net inflows of HNWIs
above 1,000 individuals) were Australia, the United
States and Canada, followed by the United Arab
Emirates and small countries in the Caribbean such as
Bermuda, Cayman Island, Virgin Island, St. Kitts and
Nevis. 7 In many cases the wealthy target certain cities
to reside, those most preferred include Auckland,
Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth, Tel Aviv, Dubai, New
York, San Francisco and Vancouver.
In contrast, cities that experienced outflows of HNWIs
above 1,000 in 2017 were Istanbul, Jakarta, Lagos,
London, Moscow, Paris and Sao Paulo.
Countries with the largest net outflows of HNWIs
in 2017 are headed by China and India followed by
Turkey, France, the United Kingdom and Russia, Brazil
and Venezuela. Taxation levels and, possibly, terrorist
activity in some cases, may account for the inclusion
of the UK and France in the group. In turn, heightened
economic crises and political turbulence in Brazil and
Venezuela also can explain outflows of HNWIs from
these countries.
EVIDENCE ON OFFSHORE WEALTH
Not only people but also financial assets move around
the world in search for returns and protection. In fact,
a proportion of global personal wealth generated
at national level is held “offshore” in special tax
jurisdictions (“fiscal paradises”) such as the Cayman
务机关申报的, 这种情况导致了两个主要后果: “出
产”高净值个人的国家税务收入的流失 (即使该国未
直接设置财产税, 利息、分红和租金在大多数国家
中都是税项); 财富分配统计数据的畸变 (特别是“金
字塔顶端”的财富集中程度), 从而给地区的税务政
策和商业规范的形成传达错误的信息。 9
离岸财富的迁移
瑞士是跨境财富管理服务的传统供应国, 自上个世
纪二十年代起就开始提供相关服务。上个世纪三十
年代到四十年代, 瑞士人借助在第二次世界大战中
的中立地位，从交战中的富裕欧洲国家接收了大量
财富。2005年, 瑞士持有全球离岸财富的46%, 而
2015年这一指标下降到了约26%。 10
美洲和亚洲的避税区在这段期间的崛起可以解释瑞
士 (和其他欧洲避税区) 重要性的下降。2015年,
开曼群岛成为美洲范围内最为重要的离岸资产接
收国 (全球离岸资产的7.9%), 排名第二和第三位
的分别是美国 (7.5%) 和巴拿马 (1.6%)。亚洲范
围内主要的离岸资产接收避税区包括：香港 (全球
16.5%的离岸资产, 大部分来自中国大陆), 排名第
二的为新加坡 (10%)。在欧洲避税区中, 最重要的
离岸财富汇集中心为英国 (8.9%) 和紧随其后的卢
森堡 (8.3%)。 11
各国离岸财富的主要差异
如前所述, 全球平均离岸财富水平占总GDP的10%
左右。但是离岸资产在不同国家GDP中所占的比例