TUBE NEWS TN June 2019 | Page 11

Deposition Rate Overcoming the Problem of Oxygen Contamination Powder deposition rates are very low and average 0.1 kg/hr. With advancing technology this may well The issue of adequate protection has been resolved increase but at the present time this severely restricts by developing flexible enclosures that can be purged applications. The wire arc process is capable of laying with inert gas, usually argon. These can accommodate down 10 kg/hr of a wide range of metal alloys. [Table 1.] the entire welding equipment and robot and provide inert gas protection throughout the deposition Process Limitations process. Many alloys may be used during the WAAM process simply by using the welding torch inert gas shroud as protection. However, some materials are much more prone to reaction with residual oxygen and this can lead to fusion zone and surface oxidation. Titanium alloys are particularly sensitive but stainless steels. and many low alloy steels also demand additional inert protection. With the electron beam process, protection is assured since operations are carried out in a vacuum. Nevertheless, this is an expensive alternative to arc welding. Flexible Enclosure Technology There have been considerable advances in enclosure development since the concept was introduced over two decades ago. Huntingdon Fusion Techniques Ltd [Ref: 10] for example has spearheaded a drive to design systems specifically for the welding industry. These innovative products offer significant attractions over both vacuum and glove box alternatives not least a significant reduction in cost. The largest facility to date has a volume of 27 m3, adequate to accommodate all work-pieces, welding equipment and even a programmable robotic TUBE NEWS ยป June 2019 11