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[ Q & A | N I C K C O X , J P M O R G A N ] ent version of something that the market more broadly has become familiar with. But pre-trade trans- parency is something that - as far as I’m aware - hasn’t been tried in any major market elsewhere. The concept of systematic internalisers and the transparency requirements of that regime too are also a great unknown. That may be a big chal- lenge from a liquidity perspective because it hasn’t been really tested anywhere else. We don’t know what the impact will really be. HM: Do you think buy-side-to-buy- side liquidity is a viable method of transacting trades? Or will the buy- side remain to be heavily reliant on dealers? NC: Buy-side-to-buy-side liquid- ity is another tool in the box. If you think of every trade, there’s a certain frictional barrier that needs to be overcome for the trade to actually happen. What this method does is reduce that barrier for some trades. So, some trades do occur from buy-side-to- buy-side, which perhaps wouldn’t have happened from buy-side to “For the last few years, I would say we have been in a reasonable stable state of cost of liquidity.” broker-dealer kind of model. This could be due to the bandwidth of individuals or even relative cost benefits. It does help liquidity and it reduces - not necessarily the frictional costs of trading - but the theoretical potential barrier to a trade actually happening. However I don’t see buy-side-to-buy-side becoming the dominant paradigm any time soon, and particularly for material risk transfer type trades, the client-to-dealer paradigm will continue to dominate for some time to come. HM: Can technology provide solu- tions for issues investors face in fixed income? NC: Yes, just as with other aspects of our lives at home or at work, technology is changing how we behave and our function. I think when I look at the technological aspects of trading challenges, you could broadly put them into two categories. Firstly, liquid products - which is an execution challenge, so Issue 51 TheTradeNews.com 39