The Saber and Scroll Journal Volume 5, Issue 4, Fall 2016 | Page 22

25. Van der Vat, The Atlantic Campaign, 286; Zetterling and Tamerlander, Tirpitz, 137–138.
26. Asmussen, “Tirpitz Operational History,” accessed 19 October 2015; Guðmundur
Helgason, “PQ-17,” The U-boat Wars, accessed 29 October 2015, http://www.uboat.net/ops/convoys/
convoys.php?convoy=PQ-17; Asbjørn Jaklin, Nordfronten: Hitlers Skjebneområde (Oslo: Gyldendal
Norsk Forlag, 2006), 130; Zetterling and Tamerlander, Tirpitz, 137.
27. Helgason, “PQ-17,” accessed 29 October 2015; Zetterling and Tamerlander, Tirpitz, 140–
141. A lion’s share of the merchant ships on the Murmansk run were American.
28. Karl Dönitz, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days, trans. R.H. Stevens (New York: The
World Publishing Company, 1959), 372–273; Dudley Pope, “Battle of the Barents Sea,” in History of
the Second World War, ed. B.H. Liddell Hart (London: Phoebus Publishing Ltd, 1966), 1177–1183.
Tirpitz, 26.
29. Asmussen, “Tirpitz Operational History,” accessed 19 October 2015; Breyer, Battleship
30. Jaklin, Nordfronten, 180.
31. Ibid., 181.
181–183.
32. Asmussen, “Tirpitz Operational History,” accessed 19 October 2015; Jaklin, Nordfronten,
33. Breyer, Battleship Tirpitz, 40–41.
34. Asmussen, “Tirpitz Operational History,” accessed 19 October 2015; Van der Vat, The
Atlantic Campaign, 364–365.
35. Zetterling and Tamerlander, Tirpitz, 56–57.
36. Asmussen, “Tirpitz Operational History,” accessed 19 October 2015.
37. O’Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea, Loc. 4251–4475, 4493–4568; Peter Padfield, War
Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995),
275. In the Mediterranean at this time the convoy war had reached its climax, with three British
operations to relieve Malta by sea—Harpoon, Vigorous, and Pedestal—sustaining heavy losses.
38. Zetterling and Tamerlander, Tirpitz, 251–252, 327.
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