in people of European heritage and it is very rare in black and Asian people. It occurs in about 1 in every 2000 white people. CF is caused by a defective gene, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, on chromosome movement pancreas. of 7, which regulates ions across the cell chloride
lung conditions such as CF. It is also used to monitor the severity of the condition and the response to treatment. Spirometry is the most common of the lung functions tests. Spirometry is the name of the test and a spirometer is the name of the device used. There are various spirometers manufactured by many different companies but they all have the same basic design. They all have a mouthpiece used to blow into the device. The two main types of spirometers are the Incentive Spirometer and the Graphing Spirometer. The Incentive Spirometer, is the simplest of the two. It basically consists of tubes containing a ball meter or vane. For example, when a patient breathes through the tube, it causes a deflection in the measuring component that is proportional to the breathing effort. It is called an incentive spirometer because it is used to help the patient keep up with the breathing exercises. The second type of spirometer is the Graphing Spirometer. This is a more advanced version of the incentive spirometer. These consist of a breathing tube and a bellows or piston mechanism that moves when air enters or leaves the system. The most advanced spirometers also include digital readouts, memory, and built in printers.
membranes of the sweat glands, bronchi, and CF causes the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid called mucus. The mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas resulting in life threatening lung infections and serious digestive problems. The disease may also affect the sweat glands and the male reproductive system. The earliest pulmonary sign of CF is a productive cough. The thick mucus in the airways eventually cause causes leads bacterial to growth bouts such that of as: repeated injury
pneumonia. As the disease progresses it will other pulmonary bronchiectasis and hemoptysis due to eroded blood channels and leakage of air into the pleural space through damaged pulmonary tissue. Pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension are usually the end result of CF. SPIROMETRY AND SPIROMETERS Spirometry, which means the measuring of air, is a test that can help diagnose various