universe, but because Jintao’s predecessor President Jiang Zemin received a similar ceremony while greeted by President Bill Clinton in 1997.35
VVWhy does political ritualisation hold such a privileged position in the practice of diplomacy vis-à-vis normative deliberations over moral political crises? Professor Lora Anne Viola notes that ritualisation creates political legitimacy by cultivating authority and naturalising its existence through repeated and expected practices.36 Professor David Kertzer likewise argues that ritual is a sine qua non for the public acknowledgement of the delegation of authority.37 Although normative discourse between inter-state actors and as well between state representatives and civil society has the power to create legitimacy, diplomatic ritualisation holds a privileged position in the reality of diplomatic affairs due to its far-reaching potential and unrivaled efficiency in the creation of legitimacy.38 As Viola notes, “political rituals most likely reach and involve many more citizens than deliberation does… [they] can be more speedily transmitted to a broader audience because they can be easily transformed into images.”39
V. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND
REAL-WORLD DECISION MAKING
VVThe theory of Strategic Moral Diplomacy accurately portrays realities of political and moral psychology. Boyd-Judson makes reference to moral philosopher Barbara Herman’s two main principles: that individuals hold a “plurality of moral duties which encompass political aims and vice versa,” and that many moral universals can exist at the same time for the same person.[1] She likewise effectively cites the work of political psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg,
8835. Viola, Diplomatic Ritual as Power: Deliberation, Ritualization and the Production of Legitimacy, p. 14.
8836. Ibid., p. 17.
8837. David Kertzer, Ritual, Politics and Power (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988), p. 51.
8838. Viola, Diplomatic Ritual as Power: Deliberation, Ritualization and the Production of Legitimacy, p. 18.
8839. Ibid.
42