ethically standing within the structures of international law.11
VVAccording to Frost, not only does the GCS and the SOSS decide which norms are justified through the creation, alteration, or removal of international law,12 but the global community of legitimate world actors also creates for a hierarchy of norms and their respective laws.13 This is why, for example, a state which breaks “the ethic of the international practice of sovereign states,” may find itself the victim of increasingly stringent sanctions, followed by a military breach of its very own power as a sovereign state.14 Frost cites the example of the 1991 invasion and war against Iraq, as the result of international punishment for ignoring the established “set of conflict resolution techniques to be used by states involved in disputes about borders.”15 It follows that when state actors break the “rules of appropriateness,” and become rogue, they invite the “politics of “exclusion”16- international punishments such as economic sanctions, political isolation, military intervention, and aggressive silence from the SOSS and the GCS.17
III. STRATEGIC MORAL DIPLOMACY
VVBoyd-Judson’s Strategic Moral Diplomacy is framed as an alternative normative theory of international relations, which like Frost’s Constitutive Theory, maintains that “norms and laws are the product of social agreement,”18 and that international relations are governed by ethical norms such as justice, human rights and democracy, which lie underneath
8811. Frost, Global Ethics: Anarchy, Freedom, and International Relations, p. 37.
8812. Ibid., p. 30.
8813. Frost, Ethics in International Relations: A Constitutive Theory, p. 205.
8814. Frost, Global Ethics: Anarchy, Freedom, and International Relations, pp. 30-31.
8815. Ibid., p. 30.
8816. Boyd-Judson, Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Understanding the Enemy’s Moral Universe, p. 2.
8817. Frost, Global Ethics: Anarchy, Freedom, and International Relations, p. 31.
8818. Roger P. Alford, and James Fallows Tierney, “Moral Reasoning in International Law,” in The role of ethics in International Law, ed. Donald Earl Childress III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 27.
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