36 T . Takeichi et al .: J Extra Corpor Technol 2025 , 57 , 32 – 37
Figure 4 . ( a – c ) The evaluation of the mixing zone if changing the flow rate from 3.0 L / min to 5.0 L / min by using 14Fr in the ascending aorta and 20Fr in the femoral artery . The black line indicates the mixing zone .
However , this simulation is limited because of not considering the ventral branches such as the celiac artery , renal artery , and superior mesenteric artery . Therefore , the mixing zone might be possible to become lower than this simulation study . Also , we investigated and could not find the mixing zone in combination with antegrade and retrograde perfusion , and it needs to be investigated further .
Funding The authors received no funding to complete this research .
Conflicts of interest Authors declared no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement All available data are incorporated into the article .
Author contribution statement
T . T . designed the studies . T . T . performed the research and analyzed the data . T . T . provided expertise in clinical data analysis . T . T . wrote the manuscript , and all authors contributed to the final version .
Ethics approval
The study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institution ethics committee in Kitaharima Medical Center , Ono-City , Hyogo Prefecture , Japan . Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote and ensure respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights .
Supplementary material
The supplementary material of this article are available at https :// ject . edpsciences . org / 10.1051 / ject / 2024036 / olm .
Video 1 . The difference in the arterial cannula size and variation of the mixing zone .
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