16 K . Gore et al .: J Extra Corpor Technol 2025 , 57 , 14 – 17
Table 2 . Baseline characteristics and reported comorbidities for renal replacement therapy in patients requiring mechanical circulatory support .
Terms |
Estimates |
Std Error |
v 2 |
P values |
Intercept |
3.7 |
1.6 |
5.7 |
0.0171 |
Age |
�0.07 |
0.02 |
12.5 |
0.0004 * |
Sex , female |
�0.04 |
0.26 |
2.5 |
0.1159 |
BMI |
�0.01 |
0.04 |
0.2 |
0.6909 |
Insulin-dependent diabetes |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
0.3194 |
Chronic renal failure |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.4608 |
Chronic cardiovascular disease |
0.4 |
0.3 |
1.5 |
0.2261 |
Immunomodulation |
0.8 |
0.3 |
7.3 |
0.0067 * |
Structural lung disease |
�0.3 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
0.3343 |
Pacemaker / Internal cardiac defibrillator |
0.6 |
0.3 |
4.2 |
0.0411 * |
Atrial fibrillation |
0.3 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
0.2430 |
Endocarditis |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
0.5936 |
Previous cardiac surgery |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.9 |
0.3357 |
Congestive heart failure |
�0.6 |
0.3 |
3.0 |
0.0845 |
Peripheral vascular disease |
�0.02 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.9611 |
(*) Denotes the baseline characteristics and comorbidities associated with the outcome of interest , the need for renal replacement therapy , are statistically significant .
Table 3 . Contingency table of the association of renal replacement therapy in patients with a history of immunomodulation during mechanical circulatory support .
Renal replacement therapy |
|
Counts (%) |
Yes |
No |
Total |
Immunomodulation |
Yes |
12 ( 48 ) |
13 ( 52 ) |
25 |
|
No |
45 ( 34 ) |
89 ( 66 ) |
134 |
|
Total |
57 |
102 |
159 |
Table 4 . Contingency table of the association of renal replacement therapy in patients with pre-existing pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator ( ICD ) during mechanical circulatory support .
Renal replacement therapy |
|
Counts (%) |
Yes |
No |
Total |
Pacemaker / ICD |
Yes |
25 ( 47 ) |
28 ( 53 ) |
53 |
|
No |
32 ( 30 ) |
74 ( 70 ) |
106 |
|
Total |
57 |
102 |
159 |
Table 5 . Contingency table of the association of renal replacement therapy by anticoagulant therapy during mechanical circulatory support .
study is potential bias due to confounding . However , the strength of this study was the statistical method used to adjust for all confounders through the application of machine learning against the outcome of interest , need for RRT . Machine learning performs better than traditional statistical analyses , especially when analyzing multifaceted data sets . The ability to utilize machine modeling provides a powerful tool to express information [ 14 ].
Renal replacement therapy |
|
Counts (%) |
Yes |
No |
Total |
Interest groups |
UFH |
26 ( 43 ) |
35 ( 57 ) |
61 |
|
LMWH |
0 ( 0 ) |
3 ( 100 ) |
3 |
|
None |
4 ( 100 ) |
0 ( 0 ) |
4 |
|
Total |
30 |
38 |
68 |
Conclusions
The incidence of RRT was high in this patient population . The mortality rate was high in patients requiring RRT . Moreover , these findings also suggest that other options for systemic anticoagulation during MCS should be considered . The novel associations of patients who have received prior immunotherapy or with pre-existing pacemaker / ICDs requiring MCS suggest an increased systemic inflammatory state exists that escalates the need for RRT . Further investigation into how these background inflammatory conditions contribute to the need for RRT during MCS is warranted .
Funding The authors received no funding to complete this research .
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement All available data are incorporated into the article .
Author contribution statement
Kelsey Gore , MA , BSRT , RRT : Design , Data harvest , Editorial review of the manuscript . Dean Linder , Jr . CCP , LP : Editorial review of the manuscript . Juan José Martinez Duque MD : Data harvest , Editorial review of the manuscript . Junxi Wang BS : Data harvest , Editorial review of the manuscript . Brett Wester , DO : Editorial review of the manuscript . Tiffany Otero , MD : Editorial review of the manuscript . Shaun Yockelson , MD : Editorial review of the manuscript . Adrian Alexis Ruiz , MD : Editorial review of the manuscript .