Table 1 . Patient demographics and clinical characteristic for | |||||
neonates |
requiring |
extracorporeal |
life |
support |
post-Norwood |
operation . |
|||||
Variables |
n (%), median |
( IQR ) | |
Age at day of surgery ( days ) |
6.0 ( 4.0 , 7.0 ) |
Weight at day of surgery ( kg ) |
3.2 ( 2.8 , 3.5 ) |
Sex | |
Male |
40 ( 62 %) |
Female |
25 ( 38 %) |
Race | |
Caucasian |
31 ( 48 %) |
African American |
29 ( 45 %) |
Asian |
0 ( 0 %) |
Hispanic |
3 ( 5 %) |
Other |
2 ( 3 %) |
Gestational Age ( weeks ) |
38.0 ( 37.0 , 39.0 ) |
Genetic Syndrome and Chromosomal |
14 ( 21 %) |
Abnormality | |
Primary Cardiac Diagnosis | |
HLHS |
50 ( 77 %) |
Aortic Atresia & critical aortic Stenosis |
3 ( 5 %) |
DILV |
4 ( 6 %) |
DORV |
1 ( 2 %) |
Single Ventricle Other |
3 ( 5 %) |
Single Ventricle , unbalanced AV canal |
0 ( 0 %) |
Tricuspid Atresia |
4 ( 6 %) |
Single Ventricle , heterotaxia |
0 ( 0 %) |
HLHS Variant | |
MA / AA |
26 ( 51 %) |
MA / AS |
3 ( 6 %) |
MS / AA |
14 ( 28 %) |
MS / AS |
8 ( 16 %) |
Pre-Norwood Respiratory Support | |
RA |
18 ( 28 %) |
NC |
14 ( 22 %) |
HFNC |
10 ( 15 %) |
NIPPV |
0 ( 0 %) |
Intubated |
23 ( 35 %) |
Pre-Norwood Prostaglandin Dose ( mcg / kg / min ) |
0.02 ( 0.01 , 0.02 ) |
Preoperative VIS-score |
0.0 ( 0.0 , 5.0 ) |
Pre-Norwood Transthoracic Echocardiogram | |
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation ( AVVR ) | |
No – Trivial – Mild AVVR |
53 ( 83 %) |
Moderate – Severe |
11 ( 17 %) |
Systemic Ventricular Function | |
Normal |
35 ( 55 %) |
Mild Dysfunction |
6 ( 9 %) |
Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
23 ( 36 %) |
Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Diameter ( mm ) | |
Diameter ( mm ) |
2.5 ( 1.9 , 4.5 ) |
Median z-score |
�4.0 ( �4.5 , |
�2.7 ) | |
Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Groups Based on | |
Diameter | |
1.5 mm |
3 ( 5 %) |
1.6 – 1.9 mm |
16 ( 25 %) |
2.0 – 3.9 mm |
25 ( 39 %) |
4.0 mm |
21 ( 31 %) |
Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow | |
m-BTT shunt |
28 ( 43 %) |
Sano Shunt |
37 ( 57 %) |
( Continued on next page ) | |
Type of systemic ventricle | |
RV |
52 ( 80.0 %) |
LV |
12 ( 18 %) |
Undetermined |
1 ( 2 %) |
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiogram | |
Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation ( AVVR ) | |
No – Trivial – Mild AVVR |
40 ( 74 %) |
Moderate – Severe |
14 ( 26 %) |
Systemic Ventricular Function | |
Normal |
35 ( 65 %) |
Mild Dysfunction |
11 ( 20 %) |
Moderate – Severe Dysfunction |
8 ( 15 %) |
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time ( min ) |
179.0 ( 157.0 , |
219.0 ) | |
Cross Clamp Time ( min ) |
69.5 ( 57.0 , 83.5 ) |
Circulatory Arrest Time ( min ) |
6.0 ( 2.0 , 25.0 ) |
Post-Norwood iNO on Arrival to CICU |
17 ( 26 %) |
Post-Norwood VIS Score | |
First 24 h |
22.0 ( 15.0 , 30.0 ) |
Hours 24 – 48 |
27.0 ( 18.0 , 38.0 ) |
Delayed Sternal Closure |
54 ( 83 %) |
Time from CICU Arrival to ECLS |
94.9 ( 7.4 , 288.4 ) |
Cannulation ( h ) | |
ECLS Cannulation Site | |
Peripheral |
21 ( 33 %) |
Central |
43 ( 67 %) |
ECLS indication | |
E-CPR |
27 ( 41 %) |
Cardiac |
38 ( 59 %) |
Arterial blood gas within 2 h from ECLS initiation | |
Lowest pH |
7.3 ( 7.2 , 7.4 ) |
Highest serum lactic acid |
12.7 ( 4.6 , 18.7 ) |
Initial ECLS flow ( first 4 h ) ( mL / kg / min ) |
139.5 ( 107.4 , |
163.6 ) | |
Worst arterial blood gas within 24 h from ECLS | |
initiation | |
Lowest pH |
7.5 ( 7.4 , 7.5 ) |
Highest serum lactic acid |
1.9 ( 1.2 , 8.4 ) |
Post-Norwood cath intervention |
46 ( 71 %) |
Median PaO 2 ( mmHg ) |
197.1 [ 95.8 , |
PaO 2 range ( mmHg ) |
289.1 ] |
Number of PaO 2 samples per patient |
22.0 [ 19.0 , 26.0 ] |
Duration of mechanical ventilation ( h ) |
414.0 |
( 246.5 , 609.1 ) | |
Stage II or III AKI based on KDIGO score |
35 ( 54 %) |
Length of Stay ( LOS ) ( days ) | |
CICU LOS |
22.0 ( 13.0 , 41.0 ) |
Postoperative LOS |
30.0 ( 16.0 , 55.0 ) |
Hospital LOS |
39.0 ( 23.0 , 64.0 ) |
Operative mortality |
38 ( 59 %) |