142 S . P . Butt et al .: J Extra Corpor Technol 2024 , 56 , 136 – 144
have paved the way for new anticoagulation strategies . While antithrombin deficiency is a primary cause , factors like platelet activation and altered fibrinogen levels also play a role . Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for overcoming HR during CPB in cardiac surgery .
Emerging strategies to address HR include supplementing antithrombin levels to enhance heparin ’ s effect and using direct thrombin inhibitors . Further research is needed to identify novel mechanisms and potential biomarkers for personalized anticoagulation approaches . HR challenges cardiac surgery by increasing thromboembolic risks , impairing surgical outcomes , prolonging hospital stays , and raising healthcare costs . Diagnosis involves methods like ACT and HR assays . Effective management requires adjusting heparin dosage , supplementing antithrombin levels , and considering alternative anticoagulants . Optimizing HR management is crucial for improving surgical outcomes and reducing complications in cardiac surgery patients .
Funding The authors received no funding to complete this research .
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement The research data are available on request from the authors .
Authors contributions statement
Salman Pervaiz Butt : Lead Conceptualization , Lead Data curation , Lead Supervision , Lead Formal analysis , Lead Validation , Lead Visualization , Lead Writing – original draft , Lead Writing – review & editing , Lead Methodology and Project administration .
Vivek Kakar : Support Writing , review & editing , Supporting Formal Analysis , Supporting review & editing .
Arun Kumar : Support writing , review & editing , Supporting Formal Analysis , Supporting review & editing .
Nabeel Razzaq : Equal Data curation , Supporting Formal Analysis ,
Supporting review & editing , Supporting Visualization Yasir Saleem : Supporting Formal Analysis , Review & editing , Babar Ali : Supporting Formal Analysis , Review & editing , Nuno Raposo : Supporting Formal Analysis , Review & editing , Fazil Ashiq : Supporting review & editing . Arshad Ghori : Supporting review & editing . Philip Anderson : Supporting review & editing . Nilesh Srivati : Supporting review & editing . Yazan Alijabery : Supporting review & editing . Salman Abdulaziz : Equal Methodology , Equal Project administration . Umer Darr : Supporting Formal Analysis , Supporting review & editing .
Gopal Bhatnager : Supporting Formal Analysis , Supporting review & editing .
Ethics approval
This study does not involve human and / or animal subjects ; therefore , ethical approval was not required .
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