The Journal of Animal Consciousness Vol 1, Issue 2 Vol 1 Issue 2 | Seite 30

The narrative of trauma is ubiquitous in modern

for example, flashbacks, bad dreams and frightening

society. It is experienced at subtle and gross levels.

thoughts;

More specifically, it can be overt such as physical

emotionally numb, avoiding areas or places that

abuse or covert and disguised as emotional-

remind of the event, depression, worry or guilt,

psychological abuse. Nonetheless, it creates serious

amnesia, loss of interest in otherwise enjoyable

effects on the mind-body complex of the victim.

activities;

Trauma is defined by Kalsched (2013) as resulting

example, persistent negative beliefs, distorted blame,

“from the fact that we are often given more to

feelings of alienation and diminished interest in life;

experience in this life than we can bear to experience

4)

consciously” (p. 10). A more traditional perspective,

feeling tense or on edge, difficulty sleeping and/or

defines trauma as “an emotional response