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Endnotes
1 Marc Bekoff, website accessed 6 Aug 2015: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/
animal-emotions/201208/scientists-conclude-nonhuman-animals-are-conscious-beings
2 Ibid, Fn1
3 For the purpose of discussion in this paper, sentience is equated with consciousness, or at
least being a part of same; i.e. if sentience is present, then some level of consciousness is
present. However, it is recognized that historically some may have differentiated between the
two.
4 What is commonly referred to as ‘Cartesian science’ is the reductionist methodology that
he used, which basically eschews observation and experiment, relying instead upon a series
of deductions from ‘self-evident truths’ (i.e. a hypothesis taken for granted); it essentially
eliminates references to sensible qualities as useless periphery.
5 NAHRA is now known as the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship
International (PATH Int’l); EFHMA was fully integrated into PATH Int’l in Nov 2010; they
use the term EAAT, or Equine Assisted Therapy and Activities (website accessed 12 Aug
2015): http://www.pathintl.org/about-path-intl/about-path-intl/future-trends
6 Website, accessed 5 Aug 2015: http://www.pathintl.org/about-path-intl/about-path-intl
7 We b s i t e a c c e s s e d 5 A u g 2 0 1 5 : h t t p : / / w w w. e a g a l a . o r g / I n f o r m a t i o n /
What_Is_EAGALA_Model
8 History remembers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as a poet and playwright; what is little
understood is that Goethe used his poetry to express his work in science; his work in science
was of utmost importance to him.
9 Within the human sciences of philosophy and sociology, lifeworld can be defined as a term
used to describe a world that subjects may experience together. It is a pre-epistemological
stepping stone for phenomenological analysis. Although ‘subjects’ do not necessarily mean
conspecifics, horses are social creatures, and thus a basic definition of lifeworld in reference
to social animals could be: An animal’s life in relation to places, spaces, and environ