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5. Change passive tenses into active ones

- It’s estimated that …

- Historians estimate that …

- The term programme music was first used by Liszt.

- Liszt was the first … / Liszt coined the term programme music for the first time.

6. Change phrasal verbs to simpler ones

- In 1950 two Frenchmen, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet, drew up a plan to ‘unite’ Europe’s coal and steel industries.

- In 1950 two Frenchmen, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet, planned/made (a plan) to ‘unite’ Europe’s coal and steel industries.

7. Replace metaphors or idiomatic language

- A solar eclipse took place during..

- A solar eclipse occurred during..