Chapter
7:
Case
studies
in
Sana’a
basin
case,
farmers
need
to
cool
the
groundwater
in
pits
before
it
can
be
used
for
irrigation.
The
second
and
most
pressing
problem
these
days
is
the
non-‐availability
of
diesel
fuel
to
operate
their
pumps
and
the
high
cost
of
the
diesel
on
the
black
market,
which
sometimes
reaches
4
to
5
times
the
official
price.
Due
to
the
high
diesel
price,
some
farmers
exchange
their
diesel
pumps
for
electrical
pumps.
However
electricity
is
only
available
for
about
three
hours
a
day.
The
costs
of
drilling
a
well
and
installing
the
necessary
pumps
and
infrastructure
sometimes
amount
to
20
million
rial
(68,000
euro!),
which
means
that
farmers
have
to
participate
in
collective
financing
in
order
to
drill
a
well.
Normally
these
participants
divide
the
water
between
them
according
to
fixed
percentages
based
on
the
share
each
one
paid
in
buying
the
equipment.
Sometimes
disputes
occur
between
the
participants,
extending
to
the
tribes
to
whom
they
belong.
The
security
breach
came
as
a
result
of
the
absence
of
a
Everyone
can
now
do
powerful
state.
After
the
2011
revolution
most
of
the
authorities
have
become
weak
and
thus
lacked
practical
whatever
he
wants
because
authority.
Therefore,
there
is
no
commitment
in
maintaining
a
standard
distance
between
the
wells.
This
security
breach
and
the
absence
of
the
State
is
coupled
with
the
appearance
of
new
powerful
men
especially
in
the
rural
areas.
These
powerful
men
use
groups
of
armed
men
to
exert
influence,
sometimes
leading
to
armed
conflict.
of
the
absence
of
the
law
and
everybody
has
a
powerful
man
to
rely
on.
7.2.3
B:
Conflict
description
and
stakeholder
analysis
In
1985
a
newcomer
to
the
area
of
Arrowdah
established
a
grape
farm
in
an
area
east
of
Arrwodah
village
called
Azabiyb
15km
north
of
Sana’a.
Although
the
new
owner
obtained
the
land
titles,
no
water
rights
were
associated
with
the
previously
barren
land.
Irrigation
in
that
area
is
derived
from
deep
wells;
the
new
owner
had
to
buy
water
from
these
well
owners
in
order
to
irrigate
his
farm.
In
1990
the
land
adjacent
to
his
land
was
flood.
He
diverted
part
of
the
flood
to
his
land.
However,
the
flood
alos
affected
the
lower
lands
in
the
direction
of
other
farms
in
the
town
of
Arrwodah.
The
act
of
the
new
owner
was
considered
hostile
by
the
downstream
landowners
since
this
act
violated
the
traditional
arrangements
and
the
ownership
rights
of
the
downstream
landowners
to
use
the
flood
in
Ber
Julah.
7.2.4
C:
Dispute
regulation
mechanisms
The
farmers
in
Ber
Julah
sent
a
representative
to
close
the
new
farm
owner’s
flood
inlet,
and
to
inform
him
that
he
had