1.1 List of Tables 6 1.2 List of Figures 7 2 Introduction 9 2.1 Disease Overview 9 2.2 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 9 2.3 Symptoms 10 2.4 Etiology 11 2.4.1 Genetics 11 2.4.2 Age 11 2.4.3 Early Diet 11 2.4.4 Exposure to Infectious Agents 12 2.4.5 Vitamin D Deficiency 12 2.5 Pathophysiology 13 2.6 Epidemiology 15 2.7 Co-morbidities and Complications 16 2.7.1 Acute Metabolic Complications 16 2.7.2 Long-term Vascular Complications 17 2.7.3 Other Co-morbidities and Complications 19 2.8 Diagnosis 19 2.9 Treatment 20 2.9.1 Insulin Therapy 20 2.9.2 Non-insulin Adjunctive Therapy 22 2.9.3 Lifestyle Modifications 23
2.9.4 Beta Cell Replacement Therapy 23 2.10 Treatment Algorithm 24