Prevalence of malocclusions in a sample of 4-5-year-old Bulgarian children
General morphological and functional development of the stomatognathic system. 4, 10 The correct development of a stable, functional and aesthetically acceptable occlusion is an integral component of a comprehensive oral health care for all pediatric dental patients. 23 Further research is needed to establish the development of the dentition and malocclusions in the next stages of the dental development in this sample, and the relatively small sample size is a limitation of our study.
5. Conclusions This cross sectional study provides present-day data about the prevalence of malocclusions in a sample of 471 Bulgarian children with primary dentition. Statistical differences in the type of dentition, a deep bite with gingival contact and a posterior edge-to-edge bite were found. Class II canine occlusion, a distocclusion, a deep bite, no spacing and crowding and an increased overjet were the epidemiologically-relevant malocclusions in our study. Due to the high prevalence of malocclusions in deciduous dentition, it is necessary for children to be regularly examined at an early age and the occlusal development should be individually assessed. Early attention may be given to malocclusions and their prevention, and especially to those caused by external etiologic factors like bad habits and incorrect oral functions.
Acknowledgments The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study. There are no conflicts of interest and no financial interests to be disclosed.
References
1. Atanasov K. Orthodontic prevention for the masses in Bulgarian. Dissertation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria: Medical University- Plovdiv, 1989; 8-10.
2. Mutafchiev V, Dinkova M, Hranova V. [ Distribution of malocclusions and their main etiologic factors in kindergarten children in Bulgarian ]. Stomatologiia. Stomatology. 1988; 70( 3): 55-61.
3. Varrela J, Alanen P. Prevention and early treatment in orthodontics: a perspective. J Dent Res. 1995; 74( 8): 1436-1438.
4. Tschill P, Bacon W, Sonko A. Malocclusion in the deciduous dentition of Caucasian children. Eur J Orthod. 1997; 19( 4): 361-367.
5. Kerosuo H. The role of prevention and simple interceptive measures in reducing the need for orthodontic treatment. Med Princ Pract. 2002; 11 Suppl 1:16-21.
6. Stahl F, Grabowski R. Orthodontic findings in the deciduous dentition and early mixed dentitioninferences for a preventive strategy. J Orofac Orthop. 2003; 64( 6): 401-416.
7. Stahl F, Grabowski R. Malocclusion and caries prevalence: is there a connection in the primary and mixed dentitions? Clin Oral Investig. 2004; 8( 2): 86-90.
8. Foster TD, Hamilton MC. Occlusion in the primary dentition. Study of children at 2 and one-half to 3 years of age. Br Dent J. 1969; 126( 2): 76-79.
9. Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Columbia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development. Eur J Orthod. 2001; 23( 2): 153-167.
10. Grabowski R, Stahl F, Gaebel M, Kundt G. [ Relationship between occlusal findings and orofacial myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition. Part I: Prevalence of malocclusions ]. J Orofac Orthop. 2007; 68( 1): 26-37.
11. Nikolov B, Atanasov K. [ Development of dental arches from 3 to 6 years of age at norm and malocclusion ] Stomatologiia. Stomatology. 1982; 64( 3): 208-214. 12. Hensel E. Untersuchungen zur Dysgnathieentwicklung von der ersten Dentition zum
Wechselgebiss. Fortschr Kieferorthop. 1991; 52( 6): 353-358.
13. Abu-Alhaija ES, Qudeimat MA. Occlusion and tooth arch dimensions in the primary dentition of preschool Jordanian children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003; 13( 4): 230-239.
14. Berneburg M, Zeyher C, Merkle T, Möller M, Schaupp E, Göz G. Orthodontic findings in 4- to 6-year-old kindergarten children from southwest Germany. J Orofac Orthop. 2010; 71( 3): 174-186. doi: 10.1007 / s00056-010-9941-y.
15. Müssig D. [ The type and incidence of mandibular abnormalities and functional disorders in the deciduous dentition ]. Fortschr Kieferorthop. 1991; 52( 2): 110-114.
16. Nanda RS, Khan I, Anand R. Age changes in the occlusal pattern of deciduous dentition. J Dent Res. 1973; 52( 2): 221-224.
17. Baume LJ. Physiological tooth migration and its significance for the development of occlusion. I. The biogenetic course of the deciduous dentition. J Dent Res. 1950; 29( 2): 123-132.
18. Ravn JJ. Longitudinal study of occlusion in the primary dentition in 3-7-year old children. Scand J Dent Res. 1980; 88( 3): 165-170.
19. Johannsdottir B, Wisth PJ, Magnusson TE. Prevalence of malocclusion in 6-year-old Icelandic children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997; 55( 6): 398-402.
20. Kerosuo H. Occlusion in the primary and early mixed dentitions in a group of Tanzanian and Finnish children. ASDC J Dent Child 1990; 57( 4): 293-298. 21. Hotz R. Zahnmedizin bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.
2 ed, Stuttgart, Georg Thieme Verlag; 1981; 280-292.
22. Dimberg L, Lennartsson B, Arnrup K, Bondemark L. Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 2015; 85( 5): 728 – 734.
23. Majorana A, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Polimeni A. Timetable for oral prevention in childhood-- developing dentition and oral habits: a current opinion. Prog Orthod. 2015; 16:39. doi: 10.1186 / s40510-015-0107-8.
72 Stoma Edu J. 2017; 4( 1): 68-73. http:// www. stomaeduj. com