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[ Innovation ]
the edge of the first produced plate and the average bulk magnetic properties measured by static-sample magnetometry on extracted samples of the plates could be consistently assessed ”, continues Katie . “ The magnetometer for volumetric characterisation of weak magnetic materials has been developed by the CERN Magnetic Measurement section , and results could be compared with standard inspection measurements performed with a portable magnetometer system on the field . This comparative approach paved the way to identify a reliable and industrially applicable method of assessing the permeability in line with the functional HGCal requirements , that was successfully applied for the whole production ”. The selection of a 1.4306 product issued from ingot casting for this application has proven to be fully adequate . Katie reminds that only some products marginally featured a locally higher level of magnetic permeability , due to unavoidable variations in chemical composition or ingot segregation . These variations can result in some traces of delta-ferrite in the bulk of the products and result in an expected double peak of permeability , that indeed was measured around midthickness of some plates . “ However , the volumetric studies demonstrated that the average bulk magnetic properties , which are relevant for the functionality of the products , were generally well within the acceptance criteria ”, argues Katie , “ and that the volumetric response of this ingot cast grade is fit for purpose ”. The examples above demonstrate that the successful application of a stainless steel for a demanding accelerator , fusion magnet or high energy physics component is not simply due to a selection based on a mere " chemical composition " or a designation . It needs to be the result of a proper specification , selection of an adequate steelmaking route , the definition and extent of suitable controls , as demonstrated by the successful application of magnetic permeability advanced inspection and assessment techniques to the HGCal absorber plates - conclude Katie and Stefano .
About the authors
Stefano Sgobba graduated in Nuclear Engineering from Politecnico di Milano in 1990 and obtained his PhD in 1994 at the Laboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne under the guidance of Prof . Bernhard Ilschner . Immediately after he joined CERN as staff member , where he is responsible since 2001 of the Materials section , now within the Mechanical and Materials Engineering group of the Engineering Department . As from 2009 he is also in charge of the metallurgical and material testing support provided by CERN for the construction of the ITER Magnet System , in the framework of the CERN-ITER Cooperation Agreement .
Katie Elizabeth Buchanan received a first-class honour ’ s B . Sc . degree in Material Engineering from the Sheffield Hallam University in 2019 . After her first employment with Intertek in the Production and Integrity Assurance in the Corrosion sector , she was recruited by CERN as a staff member in 2021 where she joined the Materials section .
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