• Boron : Boron is a problem for metal composition of alloys used in nuclear reactor fabrication because it has a high neutron absorption cross-section . When boron atoms are present in a metal alloy , they tend to absorb neutrons that are produced during nuclear reactions in the reactor , thereby reducing the number of neutrons available for further reactions .

This neutron absorption by boron can cause a variety of issues in nuclear reactors . For example , in pressurized water reactors ( PWRs ), which are the most common type of nuclear reactor used in power generation , boron is used as a neutron absorber to control the reactor ’ s power level . However , if the metal alloy used in the reactor contains too much boron , it can interfere with the effectiveness of the control rods and other neutron-absorbing components of the reactor .

Additionally , boron can also cause neutron embrittlement of metal alloys , which is a process where the absorption of neutrons by the alloy leads to the formation of new elements , such as helium , that can cause structural damage and reduce the mechanical strength of the alloy over time . This can lead to cracks , leaks , and other safety issues in the reactor . Therefore , it is important to carefully control the amount of boron present in metal alloys used in nuclear reactor fabrication to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the reactor . In general , metals that are suitable for use in nuclear reactors are those that have high radiation resistance and can withstand exposure to high levels of radiation without degrading or failing . Some examples of metals that are commonly used in nuclear reactors include austenitic stainless steel , nickelbased alloys , and zirconium alloys .

Welding The materials and methodology for any welded joint are typically

specified in the welding procedure specifications ( WPS ) and are subject to strict quality control and testing procedures to ensure that : a ) The welding materials meet the necessary requirements and are to the required level of certification . b ) The welder making the joint is competent to follow the instructions in the WPS . c ) Quality procedures are in place to ensure that the WPS is followed and utilises all the correct materials in the correct way . The WPS is an important document and is part of the Quality System , which is crucial to the delivery of a safe fabrication . Quality Assurance is all the planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product will satisfy given requirements for quality . Quality Control is the operational techniques that are used to fulfil requirements for quality .

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