[ Duplex ]
[ Duplex ]
been realized that although duplex is more costly per tonne , the thinner walls translated into material savings , especially in thicknesses of over 6mm . This was the thinking behind GPI Tanks XL ’ s decision to use type 2205 to build the nine food storage tanks at Rotterdam for Maastank International .
Fertilizer Fertilizer production is a growing market for super duplex grades . Their ability to resist phosphoric acids and abrasion mean they are the natural choice for agitators , tanks and other process units – readily fabricated from plates and bars for both new construction and maintenance . Rodney Rice , director of Langley Alloys , told us : “ We have supplied our Ferralium 255 ( S32550 ) grade to many projects . Applications include a very large agitator , fabricated from plate rather than using a solid bar shaft , together with bolted blades to allow their straightforward replacement . The ‘ splitter box ’ serves as a distribution point for phosphate ( P2O5 ) solution coming from the evaporators ( at 28 %, 40 %, and 50 % acid concentrations respectively ) going to primary storage tanks . Connectors , reducers , and other sections of process pipework were also produced in this grade . We also supply Ferralium 255 bar , sometimes with additional heat treatment processing , machining and inspection , to produce pumps and valves for new facilities .”
Paper & pulp The whole spectrum of duplex properties – erosion / corrosion resistance in hot , alkaline , acidic and
Components used in fertilizer production fabricated by Metalcraft Inc . ( USA ) from Ferralium 255 super-duplex stainless steel supplied by Langley Alloys included the splitter box , which serves as a distribution point for phosphate ( P 2 O 5 ) solution coming from the evaporators ( at 28 %, 40 %, and 50 % acid concentrations respectively ) going to primary storage tanks .
water environments , high mechanical strength and weldability come into play in the paper & pulp industry . Lean duplex grades work well in an alkaline environment , while for acidic conditions , standard or duplex grades are required for their superior stress corrosion cracking . Duplex is applied in the digester and associated equipment , bleaching equipment , Kraft liquor tanks and clarifiers . The superior corrosion / erosion resistance and strength of duplex allow strainer plates with more holes , greatly accelerating the process of filtering out the wood fibres from the cooking liquid . This is a clear example of how duplex scores over austenitic grades .
Waste to energy Two obstacles in the way of a decarbonized planet are fossil fuel consumption and livestock emissions . Converting livestock manure into biomethane kills two birds with one stone . This is the thinking behind a series of biogas plants built by Weltec Biopower , of which the one in Granja La Carbona , near Lleida , Spain , is the most recent . The process of breaking down the waste to produce gas and heat , known as anaerobic digestion , requires a digester capable of handling highly corrosive substances ( organic acids , hydrogen sulphide and chlorides ). In this application , duplex stainless steel is standard .
Kiruna Wagon applied lean duplex Forta LDX 2101 on the basket shells of its mining wagons , allowing good long-term discharge and reliable bottom emptying of a wide range of bulk materials . Photo : Fredric Alm .
Mining wagons A cold environment , corrosion and cracked welds were some of the factors that determined the use of lean grade LDX 2101 to build 50 new mining wagons . Kiruna Wagons in the north of Sweden required a material stronger than carbon steel to make its mining wagons . Two-metre-wide cold-rolled coil made of LDX 2101 had the required strength and abrasion resistance . Since the ore had the tendency to stick to the carbon-steel walls , the duplex walls were polished to allow easier release , thereby saving time .
18 Stainless Steel World April 2024 www . stainless-steel-world . net