S levels can be even worse than before . Excess wet well build-up , requiring increased clean-out cycles because of the addition of the waxes used to stabilise the nitrate molecules , can be encountered downstream in the collection system . In addition , emerging regulations are beginning to include nitrate concentrations on discharge limitations . Real-time , active monitoring of wastewater H 2
S levels is seldom carried out , so enough chemical to control peak values is typically added on a constant basis . By treating for peak values with chemicals such as these , excess nitrate will probably be present , requiring additional and expensive denitrification processes or fines . An issue with all chemicals is the need to store them in bulk nearby in order to introduce them to a collection system . To ensure that they are always available for treatment , continued deliveries to the bulk storage tank must be made . And to avoid adverse effects to the environment , engineered controls , such as secondary containment and leak monitoring , must be designed , implemented and maintained .
Oxygen & ozone
Ideally , a successful treatment of wastewater odour and corrosion would , in addition to being cost-effective :
• End sulfide production
• Quickly eliminate any sulfides present
• Bring about no additional hazard to life or the environment
• Do no harm to the collection system
• Create no additional challenges downstream
One answer is introducing ozone and oxygen into wastewater systems to control odour and corrosion . Ozone ( O 3
) is a naturally occurring form of atmospheric oxygen that has been used in water treatment since at least the late 19th century , primarily to disinfect drinking water . 4 Its use is common in Europe . 5 The controlled use of ozone as a treatment does not produce harmful by-products that could contaminate or damage the environment . Typically , the only by-products here are O 2 and inert oxides . In recent years , interest in using ozone to treat wastewater has led to the development of new and sustainable ( green ) technology for odour and corrosion control in wastewater collection systems . Ozone has three oxygen atoms . This makes it a highly reactive molecule with the highest oxidation potential of any commercially available molecule and the fourth highest overall with an oxidation potential of 2.07 volts . Only atomic fluorine , the hydroxyl radical and atomic oxygen are higher . Ozone can be generated by exciting a flow of oxygen with sufficient electrical or optical energy , causing some oxygen atoms to split and recombine with others nearby . Under typical treatment conditions , using a relatively pure oxygen stream and a corona discharge chamber with a highvoltage electrical arc , this reaction can produce up to 9-12wt % ozone , although 1-9 wt % is more typical . 6 , 7 As ozone concentrations rise above this concentration , the destruction reaction becomes more frequent , returning greater quantities to oxygen and maintaining this equilibrium . This instability is also the reason why ozone cannot be stored and must be generated immediately before application . Because of its extreme instability and high oxidation potential , ozone
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