Space Education and Strategic Applications Journal
nomic benefit . Like the third grouping , space will heavily depend on this sector but no specific identification for space related ground links , satellite television , or Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) are included in the initial discussions for these areas .
The last grouping for comparison would be government and governance . This section includes emergency services , government facilities , healthcare , and transportation . All of these are government provided mitigation for daily concerns . These areas have little to nothing to do with any space CI sector although space might be potentially regulated under transportation systems through the aviation subsector for transportation ( CISA , Transportation Systems Sector , 2020 ). Today , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) holds the responsibility for all space commercial transportation . Finding the FAA branch and webpage which manages space takes a little more difficulty . No links existed from the main page and the item required multiple specific searches on the page to locate the FAA ’ s space page . U . S . space launch and transportation were categorized as $ 1.7B in the FAA ’ s 2018 Annual Space Compendium versus $ 5.5B for global launch services ( FAA , 2018 ). The largest commercial space providers in the U . S ., SpaceX , claims their 2018 launch revenues topped $ 2B , more than overall total for all 2017 launches , reaffirming space mission ’ s economic impact . ( Sheetz , 2019 )
Categorizing the various sectors leads to considering how one assesses risk . Although a common definition for risk suggests any total risk equals threat multiplied by vulnerability , other definitions may be used . Systemic protection for CI can skip right past risk assessments to focus on immediate protection shortfall like physical fences or background checks for employees . As another risk framework example , the European CI protection framework uses four pillars : readiness , detection , recovery , international cooperation , and information technology . These pillars are assessed against four protection levels each as primary loop , control loop , analyzing feedback and planning ( Roman , 2016 ). Comparatively , the North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) provides 11 standards for Critical Infrastructure Protection ( CIP ) but only for electric power . The NERC risk assessment occurs their standard , CIP 014 , including performing an initial assessment , conduct third party review , notify owners , evaluate threats and vulnerabilities for physical attack , develop a plan , and have a third party review the plan . If Space becomes an additional CI sector , corporations and agencies within that sector will likely have to develop risk and industry standards for protection .
Space is not currently a CI sector although various industry pieces fall under different , currently protected areas . No government standard exists for comparison between CI sectors , so this paper uses a high-level qualitative assessment to compare space benefits to the other sectors . This assessment is based on two primary hypotheses and a counter hypothesis , included below .
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