“QUICK LOOK” (Preview of the Lessons)
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A. The U.S. military played a key role in restoring civil security & public order and
supporting detention operations (i.e., “transitional public security”) during Operation
Just Cause (20 December 1989 to 11 January 1990) and the concurrent Operation
Promote Liberty (which had the same start date, but continued on through September
1994) – successfully accomplished in spite of shortfalls in “whole of government”
planning. [Read More ...]
B. In Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti (1994), combat arms leaders/units – without any
civil security training and little to no Haitian cultural understanding – almost jeopardized
the entire operation early on through certain missteps, including heavy-handed actions. In
contrast, military police (MPs) – i.e., soldiers/units specifically trained for law enforcement
and prepared to deal with the public – were able to effectively accomplish civil security/
public order tasks and showcased their value for such operations/ scenarios. Also,
Special Forces (SF) personnel demonstrated keen cultural awareness and partnering
skills – establishing security throughout rural areas. [Read More ...]
C. Transitional Public Security was successfully accomplished by the Implementation Force
(IFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina because of four factors: (1) IFOR was largely perceived
by the population groups as being legitimate (authorized to be present in the country);
(2) IFOR was largely perceived by the population groups as being not only powerful, but
overwhelmingly so; (3) IFOR’s leadership placed emphasis on understanding the culture
and working with diverse groups of people/stakeholders; and, (4) IFOR worked with an
international police force. [Read More ...]
D. The U.S./Coalition (ISAF) failed to restore civil security and public order (“transitional
public security”) in the aftermath of successful military operations in Afghanistan that
ousted the Taliban from the central government in fall 2001. ISAF failed at the restora-
tion of civil security and public order because of not working by, with, and through (BWT)
the local power-holders and the local/traditional systems of law and order. Moreover,
ISAF failed because there was no peace agreement reached among the power-holders
(warlords) and factions (including the Taliban). [Read More ...]
E. Establishing a safe and secure environment involves much more than initial policing
actions. The reduction of violence in the given operating environment over time requires
a range of other actions and appropriate resourcing. [Read More ...]
F. The Combined Security Mechanism (CSM), a framework agreement set up in 2009
between the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF), Kurdish Peshmerga forces, and U.S. forces in
Iraq, helped to prevent tensions along Arab-Kurdish lines in the governorates of Ninewa,
Kirkuk, and Diyala. The main features of the CSM were combined patrols and check-
points operated by the Iraqi Army, Kurdish Peshmerga troops, and U.S. forces (covering
disputed boundaries/areas within the three governorates), as well as coordination centers
that served to improve communication and trust between the two groups (Arabs and
Kurds). [Read More ...]
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