priority. In a peace operation such as Uphold Democracy, however, knowledge of how
a people think and act, and how they might react to military intervention arguably
becomes paramount. (Kretchik, p. 188)
Recommendations:
1. Training: Provide training for the General Purpose Forces on TPS tasks – particularly
“establish civil security and public order” and “conduct interim detention.”
2. Organization: Ensure that the deploying force is sufficiently resourced with law
enforcement personnel/units – both military and civilian. In future Coalition stability
operations, consider requesting the deployment of para-military police units (e.g., French
Gendarmerie, Italian Carabinieri, etc.) (See: Wither and Schroeter, p. 3). Finally, leverage
Special Forces for their abilities to readily adapt to local conditions, engage local community
members with cultural understanding, and work/partner with them to establish and sustain
security in their areas. (See: Kretchik, p. 116).
3. Cultural understanding: Provide cultural awareness training/education for all deploying
personnel. As emphasized in the conclusion of the PKSOI lessons learned publication
Leadership in Stability Operations: Understanding/Engaging the People and detailed in the
lessons therein: Ensure that deploying organizations are sufficiently resourced and
trained to address the “human domain.”
Sources:
1. Primary reference: “Invasion, Intervention, ‘Intervasion’: A Concise History of the
U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy,” by Walter E. Kretchik, Robert F. Baumann
and John T. Fishel, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press, January 1998.
2. Other references:
“Peacekeeping, Politics, and the 1994 US Intervention in Haiti,” by Philippe R.
Girard, The Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. XXIV No. 1, summer 2004
“Police Primacy: The Challenges of Developing Host Nation Police Capacity on
Stability Operations,” by James Wither and Thilo Schroeter, the George C. Marshall
European Center for Security Studies, May 2012
U.S. troops and Port-au-Prince airport security personnel.
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