sales tripled to 11,237 units, of which 222 were 100% electric and the rest were hybrid. According to the ODD, first nine months EV sales in 2020 are totaled 12,011 of which 261 were 100% electric. When the first nine months of 2019 and 2020 are compared, EV sales increased up to 53.7% and hybrid vehicle sales increased by 103.9%. There are more than 1,600 electric vehicles on the roads and approximately 800 charging stations located in Turkey.
Electric Bikes: Some cities like Eskisehir, Antakya, Hatay, Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir and others are extending their bicycle routes in Turkey. For instance, Izmir was the first city to initiate the Bicycle Master Plan in Turkey and extended its bicycle route from 39 km to 52 km and plans to further extend the route to 90 km. Citizens can rent one of 550 bicycles that present in 40 bicycle stations around Izmir. E-Bikes is small but a developing sector in Turkey. E-bike manufacturers focus on exporting to the EU markets believing that they will have a price advantage after the EU’s Anti-Dumping Duties implemented on E-Bikes imported from China. In general, Turkey imports e-bike motors and batteries from Bosch-Germany, Shimano-Japan and Bafang-China. Some of the E-bike brands that are being used in Turkey are; Benelli, Peugeot, GeoTech, Carraro, Kron, Salcano and Bianchi.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): ITS are being installed in many cities in Turkey. However, except the major cities, such as Istanbul, Izmir, and Ankara, the majority are only in initial phases. Some of the implementations of ITS in Turkey are the following: traffic management systems, smart bus stops, on-line traffic density map, e-payment cards, shared bicycle and electric scooter systems. The Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure stated in its 2013-2023 Action Plan that all cities will implement smart traffic light systems. In August 2020, the Turkish Presidency issued a decree for the implementation of a smart transportation system across the country. The decree lays out an action plan by the Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure with the goal to improve traffic safety and travel comfort with widespread intelligent transportation systems applications, maintain uninterrupted traffic flow conditions, and to create a sustainable system integrated with all modes of transportation including the development of a nationwide payment system that will allow passengers to travel in all types of mass transit. Additionally, the Ministry plans to establish provincial traffic control centers where traffic will be monitored from a single point and data will be gathered for reducing traffic jams. According to the decree, Turkey also plans to establish smart parking lots and add charging stations for EV’s in parking lots.
Currently, all smart transportation projects are planned and executed by local municipalities; however, while some use their own resources, others use local and foreign funding resources. Since there is no central ITS institution, it is not possible to obtain the total amount of spending or planned spending for all projects in Turkey.
.