The Role of 3D Printing in Advancing Cardiology and Surgical Planning
By Sofia D’ Ambrosio Edited by Darryl Ho
Three-dimensional printing has emerged as a powerful tool in cardiology, giving clinicians a way to convert imaging data— from CT, MRI or 3D echocardiography— into tangible, patient-specific models of the heart and major vessels. These models go beyond traditional two-dimensional imaging to offer a real-world understanding of anatomy, which is critical when planning complex interventions and surgeries.
Enhanced anatomical understanding
A key advantage of 3D printing in cardiology is the ability to visualise patient-specific anatomy in three dimensions. Complex cardiac anomalies— such as those seen in congenital heart disease or structural abnormalities of the valves and vessels— can be difficult to fully interpret with standard imaging alone. A 3D-printed model provides a physical representation of the heart, letting clinicians better understand the size, shape and orientation of structures. Clinical studies have shown that this enhanced insight improves accuracy and supports individualised procedural planning, particularly in complex congenital cases.
Preoperative planning and simulation
3D printing plays a significant role in preoperative planning and simulation. For procedures such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement( TAVR), left atrial appendage occlusion, or complex congenital repairs, clinicians use printed models to test different device sizes and approaches before the actual intervention. This helps anticipate challenges, refine strategies, and promote precise device deployment.
Many cardiovascular teams also use the models to simulate procedural steps before surgery, allowing surgeons to rehearse technically difficult manoeuvres on accurate physical models of cardiac structures. These rehearsals improve team coordination and confidence, especially in high-risk or unusually complex cases.
A physical model of a patient’ s heart makes explanations tangible— supporting informed consent and shared decision-making.
Education and communication
Beyond clinical planning, printed models enhance medical education and training.
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