Pg.no. 60
Surgery to remove some or all of the stomach is known as a gastrectomy. It will still be
possible to eat normally after a gastrectomy, but you'll probably have to adjust the size of
your portions.
Chemotherapy can also be used before surgery to help shrink the tumour and sometimes
after surgery to help prevent the cancer returning.
24. Toothache:
Toothache refers to pain in and around the teeth and jaws that's usually caused by tooth
decay.
You may feel toothache in many ways. It can come and go or be constant. Eating or drinking
can make the pain worse, particularly if the food or drink is hot or cold.
The pain can also be mild or severe. It may feel "sharp" and start suddenly. It can be worse at
night, particularly when you're lying down. A lost filling or broken tooth can sometimes start
the pain.
It can also sometimes be difficult to decide whether the pain is in your upper or lower teeth.
When a lower molar tooth is affected, the pain can often feel like it's coming from the ear.
Toothache in other upper teeth may feel like it's coming from the sinuses, the small, air-filled
cavities behind your cheekbones and forehead.
The area of your jaw close to the infected tooth may also be sore and tender to touch.
It's also possible for periodontal disease to give rise to a "dull" pain. Periodontal disease is a
bacterial infection that affects the soft and hard structures that support the teeth.
What causes toothache?
Toothache occurs when the innermost layer of the tooth (dental pulp) becomes inflamed. The
pulp is made up of sensitive nerves and blood vessels.
Dental pulp can become inflamed as a result of:
tooth decay – this leads to holes (cavities) forming in the hard surface of the tooth
a cracked tooth – the crack is often so small that it can't be seen with the naked eye
loose or broken fillings
receding gums – where the gums shrink (contract) to expose softer, more sensitive
parts of the tooth root
periapical abscess – a collection of pus at the end of the tooth caused by a bacterial
infection
25. Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
It is a serious condition, but can be cured with proper treatment.
TB mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the
glands, bones and nervous system.
Symptoms of TB