Thus the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which stated that at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England and Henry would have control of her upbringing but the two countries would remain separated. The treaty would dissolve if the couple failed to produce children.
However, there were those against this plan of action, which allowed Cardinal Beaton to rise to power again, and he decided to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda. On orders of Beaton, and against the advice of regent Arran, Mary and her mother, Mary of Guise, was moved to the safety of Stirling Castle escorted by the Earl of Lennox and 3,500 armed men.
The last ratification to the Treaty of Greenwich was in late august of 1543 and by that time Arran and Beaton had made peace. Deciding that an Anglo-Scottish relationship would ultimately strip Scotland of it’s freedom, Arran defected from his English alliance, regained his spot as regent, and on September 9, 1543 had a nine-month-old Mary crowned and anointed.
Not only did the coronation affirm that Mary was an independent monarch, it ended the alliance with England. On December 11, 1554, Scottish parliament made the breakup of the alliance office when they repudiated the Treaty of Greenwich; they also reaffirmed the Auld Alliance with France and appointed Cardinal Beaton chancellor of the realm.
Henry VIII didn’t take well to humiliation or failure, especially when he was so close to finally gaining the power over Scotland he long wanted. Outraged, Henry turned to an aggressive military campaign. He order Thomas Seymour, Earl of Hartford, to cross into Scotland and ‘put all to fire and sword’, to burn and sack Edinburgh and Leith, and ‘extend like extremities and destructions’ to towns and villages in Fife so that ‘there may remain forever a perpetual memory of the vengeance of God lightened upon {them} for their falsehood and disloyalty’.
Henry had created a plan of revenge and ‘Rough Wooing’ (which is what this period of Anglo-Scottish history had become known as) that would enforce the marriage of Edward and Mary. While Henry’s army gave Mary a good chase throughout Scotland, he neither wooed nor won Mary’s hand or Scotland’s allegiance. What he did manage to do, however, was nearly deplete England’s coffers. Nearly broke and failing to accomplishing what he set out to due, Henry turned to the French king, Francois I, and signed the Treaty of Camp, which recognized Scotland as France’s ally.
With the death of Henry VIII on January 28, 1547, nine-year-old Edward inherited the throne, and like Scotland, a regent now controlled England. Edward’s maternal uncle, the Earl of Hartford, newly created Duke of Somerset, was appointed Lord Protector of the realm of England. Deciding to continue Henry’s ‘Rough Wooing’, he sought to impose by force the union of England and Scotland.