Ritual , Secrecy , and Civil Society
Notes !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "! Twain ’ s satire , The Gilded Age , appeared in 1873 . Possibly a triple pun was intended
on gilt , guilt , and guilds ( in the sense of interest groups ). Sean Dennis Cashman , America in the Gilded Age , 3rd ed ., New York University Press , New York , 3 . Also , Louis J . Budd , introduction , Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner , The Gilded Age , Penguin Books , New York , 1001 , xiv-xv .!
#! For an account of one lodge ’ s service in nursing brothers , burying the dead , and
providing courtesy degrees for sojourners : Kenneth Neal Harper , History of Naval Lodge , No . 4 , F . A . A . M ., Washington D . C ., Naval Lodge , 1955 , 40 .
##! Allen E . Roberts , “ Masonry Under Two Flags ”, Jack Buta ed ., Fiat Lux , Vol . I : 1956- 1986 , Philalethes Society , Sebring ( Ohio ), 2009 , 48 .
###! Titus Elwood David , A Century of Freemasonry , Being the History of Lebanon Lodge , No . 7 , Washjington D . C ., Beresford Printer , 1911 , 64 .
#$!“ Masonic insurance ”, http :// www . masonic-lodge-of-education . com / masonicinsurance . html , ac . 12 Sept . 2011 .
$! For an excellent discussion of military lodges of the era see Michael A . Halleran , The
Better Angels of Our Nature : Freemasonry in the American Civil War , The University of Alabama Press , Tuscaloosa ( Alabama ), 2010 , 140-158 .
$#! Walter L . Fowler , History of Naval Lodge No . 4 , F . A . A . M ., June A . D . 1905- June A . D .
1955 , Naval Lodge No . 4 , 1955 , 334 . Fowler provides mini biographies of all masters from Naval ’ s inception .
$##! African-American freemasonry , allegedly using its secret ways of recognition ,
contributed to the “ Underground Railroad ” that enabled escaping slaves to find their way to Canada . See “ Prince Hall Masonry and Harriet Powers ” at http :// ugrrquilt . hartcottagequilts . com / rr5 . htm , ac . 23 March 2011 .!
$###! Military lodges chartered by northern grand lodges were regarded as clandestine by
the Grand Lodge of Virginia , as were other activities of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia during the war . See Report of the Committee under the Resolutions of 1862 , Grand Lodge of Virginia , Richmond , 1865 , esp . 38 . Prince Hall grand lodges continue to charter military lodges to this day .
#%! Charles L . Overman , 140 Years of Harmony , Harmony Lodge No . 17 , n . d ., Washington D . C . Address at the 140th anniversary celebration of the Lodge on Friday , June 20 , 2003 , in the George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria , Virginia .
%! Walter L . Fowler , History of Anacostia Lodge No . 21 – F . A . A . M ., December 1868 to December 1961 , Anacostia Lodge , Washington D . C ., 1962 , 19 .
57