Research Article 2014 WRR Burdekin sediment budget | Page 19
Water Resources Research
10.1002/2013WR014386
discharge years also requires further investigation. While our study and Bainbridge et al.’s [2012] Burdekin
flood plume research show a clear partitioning of sediment fractions through the BFD and into the marine
environment, there is still a need to delineate the marine areas of most risk to the increased sediment loads
delivered from the Burdekin River [Bartley et al., 2014]. For example, coral reefs that have developed and
thrived in naturally turbid areas such as Paluma Shoals and Middle Reef [Browne et al., 2013; Perry et al.,
2012] are unlikely to be as adversely affected by increased sediment loadings as clear water reefs, such as
off Pelorus Island where elevated sediment inputs and associated increased turbidity are argued to have
negatively affected coral reefs [Roff et al., 2013].
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research was
supported by (1) North Queensland
Dry Tropics, (2) the Australian
Government’s Marine and Tropical
Sciences Research Facility,
implemented in North Queensland by
the Reef and Rainforest Research
Centre Ltd and (3) JCU/CSIRO Tropical
Landscapes Joint Venture/School of
Earth and Environmental Sciences PhD
Scholarship awarded to Z.T.B. We
gratefully acknowledge the grazier
volunteer network for their dedicated
sampling efforts, Tony Bailey and Gary
Caddies (SunWater) for collecting the
BFD samples and the Queensland
Department of Science, Information
Technology, Innovation and the Arts
GBR Loads Monitoring Program for
providing additional data, as well as
Scott Wilkinson, CSIRO for Myuna site
TSS data. Appreciation is given to the
Queensland Department of Natural
Resources and Mines Ayr hydrographic
unit and the Australian Bureau of
Meteorology for access to streamflow
and rainfall gauging station data. We
are grateful to Raphael W€
ust (School of
Earth and Environmental Sciences
(SEES), JCU) for performing the
particle-size analysis, the TropWATER
laboratory staff for TSS analysis, and
Adella Edwards (SEES, JCU) for
assistance with the production of
Figures 2–4. MS data are available
upon request from the corresponding
author. We are grateful to Peter
Hairsine and Rebecca Bartley (CSIRO)
for providing comments on earlier
drafts of this manuscript. The
manuscript benefited from the
constructive comments of the
Associate Editor, Basil Gomez, Murray
Hicks, and two anonymous reviewers.
BAINBRIDGE ET AL.
References
Amos, K. J., J. Alexander, A. Horn, G. D. Pocock, and C. R. Fielding (2004), Supply limited sediment transport in a high-discharge event of
the tropical Burdekin River, North Queensland, Australia, Sedimentology, 51, 145–162.
American Public Health Association (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters, 21st ed., Am. Water Works
Assoc. and Water Environ. Fed., Wash.
Bainbridge, Z. T., E. Wolanski, J. G. Alvarez-Romero,
S. E. Lewis, and J. E. Brodie (2012), Fine sediment and nutrient dynamics related to parti-
cle size and floc formation in a Burdekin River flood plume, Australia, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 65, 236–248.
Bartley, R., Z. T. Bainbridge, S. E. Lewis, F. J. Kroon, J. E. Brodie, S. N. Wilkinson and M. D. Silburn (2014), Relating sediment impacts on coral
reefs to watershed sources, processes and management: A review, Sci. Total Environ. 468–469, 1138–1153.
Belperio, A. P. (1979), The combined use of was load and bed material load rating curves for the calculation of total load: An example from
the Burdekin River, Australia, Catena, 6, 317–329.
Brodie, J., and J. Waterhouse (2012), A critical review of environmental management of the ‘not so Great’ Barrier Reef, Estuarine Coastal
Shelf Sci., 104–105, 1–22.
Brodie, J., L. A. McKergow, I. P. Prosser, M. Furnas, A. O. Hughes, and H. Hunter (2003), Sources of sediment and nutrient exports to the
Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, ACTFR Rep. 03/11, 208 pp., Aust. Cent. for Trop. Freshwater Res., James Cook Univ., Townsville.
[Available at http://research.jcu.edu.au/research/tropwater/resources/03%2011%20Sources%20of%20sediment%20and%20nutrient
%20runoff%20to%20GBRWHA%201.pdf.]
Brodie, J., E. Wolanski, S. Lewis, and Z. Bainbridge (2012), An assessment of residence times of land-sourced contaminants in the Great Bar-
rier Reef lagoon and the implications for management and reef recovery, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 65, 267–279.
Browne, N. K., S. G. Smithers, C. T. Perry, and P. V. Ridd (2012), A field-based technique for measuring sediment flux on coral reefs: Applica-
tion on turbid reefs on the Great Barrier Reef, J. Coastal Res., 28(5), 1247–1262.
Browne, N. K., S. G. Smithers, and C. T. Perry (2013), Spatial and temporal variations in turbidity on two inshore turbid reefs on the Great
Barrier Reef, Australia, Coral Reefs, 32, 195–210, doi:10.1007/s00338-012-0965-1.
Burrows, D., M. Maughan, B. Butler, and L. Lymburner (2007), Assessing the condition of wetlands in the Burdekin catchment using existing
GIS data and field knowledge for the Coastal Catchments Initiative, ACTFR Tech. Rep. 06’20, 91 pp., TropWATER, James Cook Univ.,
Townsville. [Available at www.jcu.edu.au/tropwater/.]
Caitcheon, G. G., J. M. Olley, F. Pantus, G. Hancock, and C. Leslie (2012), The dominant erosion processes supplying fine sediment to three
major rivers in tropical Australia, the Daly (NT), Mitchell (Qld) and Flinders (Qld) Rivers, Geomorphology, 151–152, 188–195.
Chappell, N. A., I. Douglas, J. M. Hanapi, and W. Tych (2004), Sources of suspended sediment within a tropical catchment recovering from
selective logging, Hydrol. Processes, 18, 685–701.
Collier, C. J., M. Waycott, and L. J. McKenzie (2012), Light thresholds derived from seagrass loss in the coastal zone of the northern Great
Barrier Reef, Australia, Ecol. Indic., 23, 211–219.
Davies-Colley, R. J. and D. G. Smith (2001), Turbidity, suspended sediment and water clarity: A review, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 37,
1085–1101.
De’ath, G., and K. E. Fabricius (2010), Water quality as regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgal cover on the Great Barrier Reef,
Ecol. Appl., 20, 840–850.
De’ath, G., K. E. Fabricius, H. Sweatman and M. Puotinen, (2012), The 27 year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 109, 17,995–17,999.
Department of Environment and Resource Management (2012), Streamflow Discharge Data Provided by the State of Queensland., Brisbane,
Queensland. [Available at www.watermonitoring.derm.qld.gov.au/host.htm, last accessed 15 July 2012.]
Dunne, T. (1979), Sediment yield and land use in tropical catchments, J. Hydrol., 42, 218–300.
Dunne, T., and L. B. Leopold (1978), Water in Environmental Planning, 818 pp., W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, Calif.
Fabricius, K. E. (2005), Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50, 125–146.
Fabricius, K. E., and E. Wolanski (2000), Rapid smothering of coral reef organisms by muddy marine snow, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 50,
115–120.
Fabricius, K. E., G. De’ath, C. Humphrey, I. Zagorskis, and B. Schaffelke (2013), Inter-annual variation in turbidity in response to terrestrial
runoff on near-shore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 116, 57–65, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2012.03.010.
Fabricius, K. E., M. Logan, S. Weeks, and J. Brodie (2014), The effects of river run-off on water clarity across the central Great Barrier Reef.
Mar. Pollut. Bull., 84, 191–200, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.012.
Faithful, J. W., and D. J. Griffiths (2000), Turbid flow through a tropical reservoir (Lake Dalrymple, Queensland, Australia): Responses to a
summer storm event, Lakes Reservoir. Res. Manage., 5, 231–247.
Fleming, P. M., and M. Loofs (1991), Flood generation and transmission in the Burdekin and Haughton Rivers, North Queensland, CSIRO
Tech. Memo. 91/15, Div. of Water Resour., Canberra.
Fielding, C. R., and J. Alexander (1996), Sedimentology of the Upper Burdekin River of North Queensland, Australia: An example of a tropi-
cal, variable discharge river, Terra Nova, 8, 447–457.
Gray, J. R., G. D. Glysson, L. M. Turcios, and G. E. Schwarz (2000), Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration and total suspended
solids data, U.S Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Invest. Rep. 00–4191, 14 pp.
Griffiths, D. J., and J. W. Faithful (1996), Effects of the sediment load of a tropical North-Australian river on water column characteristics in
the receiving impoundment, Arch. Hydrobiol., 1–4, 147–157.
C 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
V
9085