In this section , we have also considered acts of vandalism of some monuments as actions advocating their removal , even if not supported by formal political action . These data could possibly have been integrated into the category of protests , as there is an interconnection or porosity between some of the categories here . For example , the vandalism of the monument to the Legion in Madrid in 2022 coincided with the discussion of the Proposal of Non-binding Resolution ( PNL ) on the Rif , which established a clear connection between this military corps and the chemical bombings for which reparations are being demanded . Moreover , in the same year , the 12th October demonstration in Barcelona gathered for the first time in front of the monument of General Prim , a " hero " of the Moroccan War . Although his action is distant in time from the bombings in Chauen , in the narratives of these movements , this character forms part of the same symbolic universe . This dialogue between initiatives shows that we are not dealing with watertight categories and that interpretation is required to understand the scope of these social phenomena .
Finally , in the category of memorials and exhibitions , which includes some temporary performances and exhibitions due to the lack of museums or specific interpretive centres , a territorial distribution dominated slightly again by Catalonia can be observed . At this point , as we mentioned in the previous report , it is important to take into account the possible territorial bias of the team itself , which is based in Catalonia and , therefore , may have greater knowledge of this region . However , on this occasion , we have also included initiatives in Madrid and the Basque Country in order to obtain a more complete picture of how in recent years this type of exhibition has been increasing as a result of the social debate .
Chronological perspective
As in the previous report , the present study confirms that the greatest momentum of all actions can be located from 2010 onwards ( 80 % from 2016 onwards ). This was the major point in common between the Dutch and US studies , which is explained by an international look at the evolution of reparation claims . This is explained by the global increase , and particularly in the US context , of demands for racial reparations , the strengthening of social and anti-colonial movements of diasporic communities , as well as new developments in Transitional Justice models , as we have been developing .
However , as we have already pointed out , this study has traced the genealogies of these movements more precisely , and it is clear that , in the Spanish context , the significant momentum began to appear from the 1990s onwards , with 1992 as another key date to be considered in order to properly understand the chronological evolution of these phenomena .
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