1900
n China, the Boxer Rebellion begins, as an attempt by Chinese nationalists to throw off foreign domination and exploitation. For self-interested economic reasons, the US sends troops to crush the rebellion.
A reform innovation, city management by commission, is established in Galveston, Texas.
1902
The United Mine Workers go on strike in Pennsylvania. In the first Federal intervention in a labor dispute, Roosevelt forces mine owners to arbitrate with the miners.
Employer's liability laws for workmen's compensation are passed at the state level from 1902 forward, beginning in Maryland.
The Reclamation Act of 1902 makes possible the initiation of a large-scale program of federal irrigation and hydroelectric development , primarily in arid western lands.
Women's right to vote is recognized — in Australia, but not yet in the US.
1903
The January issue of McClure's Magazine initiates "muckraking" journalism with articles on municipal government, labor, and trusts (the latter written by Ida M. Tarbell).
Roosevelt establishes a cabinet-level Department of Commerce and Labor.
Seeking to expand the weak and ineffectual powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Elkins Act is passed, which made the acceptance of "rebates" punishable. (Rebates were a practice engaged in by John D. Rockefeller to crush competitors in the oil business.)
The first national wildlife refuge, Pelican Island in Florida, is established.