J . Yan and D . Li : Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 4 ), 287 – 295 293
than the ones with relative Se deficiency ( Muecke et al ., 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ).
Verma et al . conducted their experiments to assess the protection of low-dose sodium selenite , administrated multiple times , against TBI in mice . 4 groups were designed : sham control , sodium selenite control , radiation control , and combined treatment group . The irradiated groups received 4 mg / kg PBS ( for control group ) or sodium selenite through intraperitoneal administration for 5 consecutive days before and 3 times / week after TBI till the end of experiment . Results indicated that although low-dose of sodium selenite did not exhibit significant protective function from the destruction of shortening of villi in the intestinal lumen induced by 8 Gy g radiation comparing to the untreated mice , the level of lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased . Comet assays in peripheral leukocytes were conducted and results showed that lose-dose of sodium selenite could significantly mitigate the DNA damage induced by 5 Gy g radiation at both early and later time points ( Verma et al ., 2017 ).
The kidneys are particularly vulnerable to radiation and even moderate dose of radiation whether locally or wholebodily radiated , resulting in the deterioration of renal function ( El-Ghazaly et al ., 2017 ). And selenium has been reported to have protective effects against cadmium-induced nephropathy ( Bagheri et al ., 2019 ). A previous study has proved that selenium nanoparticles ( Se-NPs ) possess potential antiinflammatory effects in radiated mice . Increased levels of renal function biomarkers in the serum of 8 Gy radiated mice including creatinine , urea , cystatin-c and beta-2-microglobulin ( b 2 M ) were all significantly decreased after intraperitoneal injection of sodium selenite and Se-NPs , meanwhile activities of SOD and GPx were both normalized . Among which Se-NPs manifested higher ability than sodium selenite . Renal selenium content decreased after g radiation dose-dependently . Notably , both the supplementation of Se-NPs and sodium selenite showed an equivalent ability to tremendously suppress the extent of histopathologic changes to 8 Gy radiated mice including glomerular sclerosis , focal glomerular necrosis and tublar epithelium necrosis to almost normal range . Additionally , both Se-NPs and sodium selenite have almost the same protective potential against pathologic changes ( Karami et al ., 2018 ).
6 Conclusion
Nuclear technology has profoundly impacted our daily lives , which provides convenience while also poses potential hazards that , if mishandled , can lead to irrevocable consequences . To wield this double-edged sword responsibly requires thoughtful consideration of the risks involved and the implementation of corresponding solutions . Although radiotherapy has offered a renewed hope for individuals once suffered from cancer , it brings along challenges associated with radiation-induced problems that need to be addressed . Both acute radiation syndrome and delayed effect of acute radiation exposure are far-reaching and may significantly impact various of organs and ultimately diminishing the overall quality of life . The mechanisms underlying radiation-induced injury encompass direct and indirect impacts , with the recognized hazards of ROS are widely recognized . Consequently , the antioxidants are being investigated and used as radioprotective adjuvants . Selenium , along with its compounds and metabolites , has long been considered as an affordable and potent antioxidant , and researchers worldwide have conducted myriad experiments to demonstrate the radioprotective effect of selenium in various forms , and the results are quite affirmative . It is not arbitrary to indicate that selenium-containing compounds and metabolites could be recommended as radioprotective adjuvants for individuals undergoing radiotherapy , given their remarkable protective effects on different organs and cells .
Most studies in this review , which include research on various types of cells , animals , and humans , added Se ( in the form of selenium and its compounds and metabolites ) before radiation , while only one study used Se as a remedial supplement ( Table 1 ). It is well established that Se can act as a radioprotective adjuvant , however , the appropriate dosage and optimal timing for supplementation , along with the most effective type of Se supplementation still require further rigorous comparative studies .
Funding
This research did not receive any specific funding .
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement
All relevant data are within the paper .
Author contribution statement
Jiangyue Yan : Conceptualization , writing original draft ; Dan Li : Investigation and Supervision .
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