150 T . Kisnanto et al .: Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 2 ), 144 – 151
Supplementation of radioprotectant agents had a significant effect on reducing spontaneous DNA damage . The exception occurred in the supplementation of temulawak to Tail DNA parameters , which did not decrease significantly . We think the inability of temulawak to degrade T . DNA is related to the lack of antioxidant capacity in the comet tail region . The percentage level of T . DNA indicates DNA damage ( Kumaravel and Jha , 2006 ). Parallel with our research , Nair and Menon ( 2013 ) conducted a study on the consumption of curcumin and ascorbic acid , which can inhibit cellular DNA damage , as evidenced by the lowering in the values of all comet parameters compared to the radiation group . Meanwhile , Srinivasan et al . ( 2007 ) revealed that curcumin pretreatment ( 1 , 5 , and 10 mg / mL ) had a modulatory effect that could inhibit lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in rat hepatocyte cultures .
Furthermore , garlic is prominent in neutralizing free radicals that cause DNA damage . Our previous study confirmed that garlic extract inhibited DNA oxidative damage by forming 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) compounds and g-H2AX foci ( Kisnanto et al ., 2020 ). Belloir et al . ( 2006 ) demonstrated that organosulfur compounds have antigenotoxic activity , inhibiting DNA damage in HepG2 cells . Capasso ( 2013 ) concluded that garlic has forceful bioactive compounds in allylsulfide derivatives , which have anticancer properties . These compounds can inhibit carcinogenesis and oxidative DNA damage and participate in radical scavenging .
In the present study , NAC also has an important role in the recovery of spontaneous DNA damage by decreasing the values of all comet parameters . Kataoka et al . ( 2007 ) demonstrated that NAC reduced IR-induced DNA DSBs formation in human microvascular endothelial cells and oxidative DNA damage in rat liver . DSBs is considered the most significant DNA lesion induced by ionizing radiation .
5 Conclusion
Temulawak extract has a better ability as a radioprotector than garlic extract because it can inhibit lipid peroxidation , stimulate the formation of endogenous antioxidants , and reduce DNA damage . Temulawak extract also has an ability almost identical to NAC in reducing oxidative stress levels in Wistar rats .
Acknowledgements
The author gratefully thanks Prof . Dr . Mukh Syaifudin and Dr . Dwi Ramadhani for their valuable suggestions on this research and Isnaini Farida and Arum Wulansari for their technical support in the laboratory .
Funding
This work was supported by The Research Grant of the National Nuclear Energy Agency ( BATAN ) fiscal year 2020 ( Number : 4 / KMR / I / 2020 ).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in relation to this article .
Author contribution statement
T . Kisnanto : Conceptualization , methodology , investigation , and writing the original draft . D . Tetriana : Conceptualization , methodology , and reviewing . D . Yusuf : Conceptualization , methodology , and investigation . Y . Lusiyanti : Methodology and investigation . H . N . E . Surniyantoro : Methodology and investigation . I . K . Hasan Basri : Investigation and reviewing . T . Kisnanto , D . Tetriana , and D . Yusuf are the main contributors to the manuscript .
Ethics approval
The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee , Indonesia , No . 008 / KEPPHP-BATAN / XI / 2021 , on November 15 , 2021 .
Informed consent
This article does not contain any studies involving human subjects .
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