168 A. Goto et al.: Radioprotection 2026, 61( 2), 166 – 170
Table 1. Basic characteristics of survey respondents. Characteristics n(%) or mean( SD)
Total( n = 339)
Men( n = 173)
Women( n = 166) p value
Age Under 60 60 or over Work Employed Not employed Education High school or lower Vocational school, college / university, and graduate school Living arrangement Alone Living with others Marital status Married Not married
239( 70.5) 100( 29.5)
238( 70.2) 101( 29.8)
108( 31.9) 231( 68.1)
56( 16.5) 283( 83.5)
100( 57.8) 73( 42.2)
128( 74.0) 45( 26.0)
57( 33.0) 116( 67.1)
30( 17.3) 143( 82.7)
139( 83.7) 27( 16.3)
110( 66.3) 56( 33.7)
51( 30.7) 115( 69.3)
26( 15.7) 140( 84.3)
|
221( 65.2) |
125( 72.3) |
96( 57.8) |
0.01 |
|
118( 34.8) |
48( 27.8) |
70( 42.2) |
|
eHealth literacy( 8 – 40) |
24.0( 5.6) |
24.0( 0.5) |
23.9( 0.4) |
0.79 |
Living within 30 km of a nuclear power plant Yes No |
99( 29.2) 240( 70.8) |
59( 34.1) 114( 65.9) |
40( 24.1) 126( 75.9) |
0.04 |
Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and t-test for a continuous variable.
< 0.001
0.12
0.66
0.68
Table 2. Gender differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward radiation protection digital tools: Multivariable analyses.
Radiation protection digital tools |
Total( n = 339) |
Men( n = 173) |
n(%)
Women( n = 166) p value
|
Knowledge Yes No
105( 31.0) 234( 69.0)
66( 38.2) 107( 61.9)
39( 23.5) 127( 76.5)
Adjust OR( 95 % CI) |
|
1.00 |
0.56( 0.33 – 0.96) |
0.04 |
Attitudes Yes No |
245( 72.3) 94( 27.7) |
126( 72.8) 47( 27.2) |
119( 71.7) 47( 28.3) |
0.81 |
Practice Yes No
37( 10.9) 302( 89.1) |
29( 16.8) 144( 83.2) |
8( 4.8) 158( 95.2) |
< 0.001 |
Adjusted OR( 95 % CI) |
1.00 |
0.27( 0.11 – 0.65) |
0.003 |
OR: Odds ratio, 95 % CI: 95 % confidence interval. Chi-square test was used to univariable analysis. Logistic regression analysis with a forced entry of all variables listed in Table 1 was used for the multivariable analysis.
0.004 their own radiation protection. There are various types of digital tools( Madanian et al., 2020), including information and communication technology, sensor or measurement devices, and artificial intelligence. The present survey focused on the KAP toward measurement devices. In contrast, women’ s needs might be better served by information and communication technology, given their interest in engaging with digital tools in their daily lives.
A recent report from Japan assessing digital health literacy revealed that men exhibited higher scores in three key areas: the ability to search for information, assess its reliability and applicability, and to post messages( Miyawaki et al., 2024). Given the reported gender gap in digital education and current tool use as noted above and in our findings, more immediate attention and efforts are needed to gather women’ s opinions, develop the digital tools combining different functions, taking into account gender