The past few decades have been marked by economic , social and political upheavals , shaping the rise of extreme right political positions . The 2008 financial crisis , characterized by job losses and economic stagnation , shattered many people ' s sense of financial security ( Funke et al ., 2016 ). More recently , the Covid-19 pandemic caused unprecedented global disruptions , exposing vulnerabilities in healthcare systems and economies ( Delhey et al ., 2023 ). Additionally , ongoing geopolitical conflicts and rising inflation further contribute to a pervasive sense of instability
affecting societies all over the world ( Mandeya & Ho , 2021 ; Goodman , 2023 ). These events have disrupted the modern narrative of ‘ continuous progress ’, leaving individuals with a feeling of uncertainty or what Mark Fisher has termed a " loss of future " ( Fisher , 2014 ). This uncertainty is perpetuated by the decline in nationstate sovereignty ( Bargetz , 2021 , p . 2 ) and the erosion of welfare systems ( Dowling , 2021 ), leading many to seek refuge in traditional frameworks amid ongoing turmoil ( Diehl & Bargetz , 2023 ).
Within this broader context , the
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