Direct Fastening Technical Guide , Edition 24
Grout is used to fill space or cavities and provide continuity between building elements . In some applications , grout will act in a structural capacity , such as in unreinforced masonry construction .
Grout , in regards to power-actuated fastenings , is specified by the design professional . When power-actuated fasteners are tested for the development of design values , the grout is specified according to applicable ASTM standards . Design engineers are encouraged to become familiar with the characteristics of the grout used in performance testing to better understand the applicability of the design loads published in this guide to the actual jobsite
2.1.4 GYPSUM WALLBOARD
Gypsum wallboard consists of an incombustible core , essentially gypsum , surfaced with paper firmly bonded to the core . It is made in flat sheets 4 feet by 8 feet or larger , and from 1 / 4 inch to 5 / 8 inch thick in accordance with ASTM C1396 / C1396M .
Gypsum wallboard is attached to the wall studs and ceiling joints in residential and commercial building to form the base for the finished wall or ceiling treatment .
Gypsum wallboard does not have the capacity to accept high loads . Hilti offers several screw fasteners designed for attachment of gypsum wallboard to cold-formed steel framing . Gypsum wallboard is not a suitable material for use with poweractuated fasteners .
2.1.5 COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING
Cold-formed steel framing uses cold-formed steel sections for the construction of walls , floors and roofs . The framing members have industry standard dimensions similar to wood framing studs . There are a large variety of shapes and sizes available for both residential and commercial markets . Framing members are generally produced in C-sections with thicknesses of 12 to 25 GA ( 97 to 18 mils ) and varying widths . Other specialized shapes and connection components are also available from a variety of manufacturers . Design of coldformed steel framing is done in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute ( AISI ) Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual .
Power-actuated fasteners and self-drilling screws are commonly used in cold-formed steel construction . Power-actuated fasteners are used to attach the cold-formed steel to concrete and steel base materials . Self-drilling screws are used to attach cold-formed steel components as part of larger assemblies or systems .
Fasteners are typically evaluated without the steel elements . The elements should be evaluated separately based on applicable AISI design requirements . In some instances , such as steel deck diaphragms , shear walls , deflection slip clips and perimeter wall track at edge of slab , power-actuated fasteners have been tested with the cold-formed steel components as a system assembly and the corresponding data is provided in this Product Technical Guide .
For specific applications , Cold-formed steel framing can act as the base material for Power-actuated fastenings ; for example , fastening of wood structural panels to CFS framing to create a shear wall or diaphragm . Design values for specific fasteners tested for this specific application are included in this Product Technical Guide .
2.1.6 STEEL
Structural steel is a critical building component which serves as the main structural support in many structures . Iron ore is processed and combined with other elements to produce different types of steel . Reference to a particular type of steel is usually made by ASTM standard . For example , ASTM A36 is the specification for what is usually referred to as A36 steel . Steel is hot-rolled into structural shapes that are available in different grades , with the grade corresponding to the yield strength . Common grades of structural steel include ASTM A36 , which has a minimum yield strength of 36 ksi and ASTM A572 , which is available in grades 42 , 50 , 55 , 60 and 65 . ASTM A992 is a high strength steel used extensively for wide flanged shapes .
The strength of steel is very important when selecting a poweractuated fastener . The strength and thickness determine the resistance that must be overcome when setting the fastener . The power required to drive a fastener must be greater than the resistance . If the power and resistance are too high , the fastener could be damaged during the setting process . This is referred to as exceeding the application limit for the fastener . For a given fastener , the application limit is determined by its length , diameter , material strength and hardness .
2.1.7 WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS
The wood structural panels are structural wood materials , plywood or OSB ( Oriented Strand Board ) used as part of shear walls with cold-formed steel framing members . Plywood is the original structural wood panel composed of thin sheets of veneer or plies which form the plywood in layers . OSB is manufactured through compressed strands arranged in layers of generally three or five . American Plywood Association performance standards set the minimum requirements for the manufacturing of the wood structural panels for the end use . Common thicknesses of the wood structural panels for shear wall sheathing are 3 / 8 , 7 / 16 , 15 / 32 , 1 / 2 , 19 / 32 , 5 / 8 , 23 / 32 and 3 / 4 inch . Wood structural panels shall comply with a national product standard such as DOC ( US Department of Commerce ) PS-1 or PS-2 . Wood structural panels are available in different sizes and the most common size is 4 feet by 8 feet .
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