Borrowing
one of the most common sources of new words in English is the process
simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other
languages.
A special type of borrowing is described as loan-translation or calque
(/kælk/). In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a
word into the borrowing language. Interesting examples are the French
term gratte-ciel, which literally translates as “scrape-sky,” the Dutch
wolkenkrabber (“cloud scratcher”) or the German Wolkenkratzer (“cloud
scraper”), all of which were calques for the English skyscraper