Chapter 2
Animal and Human language
While both animals and humans use
systems of communication, the use of
complex symbols and open vocal
systems is unique to humans.
Communication in both animals and humans
consists of signals. Signals are sounds or gestures
that have some meaning to those using them.
The meaning is often self-evident based on
context: for example, many animals roar, growl,
or groan in response to threats of danger;
similarly, humans may wave their arms or scream
in the event of something dangerous. These
signals in these situations are designed to let
others in the species know that something is
wrong and the animal or human needs help.
Reflexivity
Displacement
Productivity
Transmission
Arbitrariness
Duality