Plumbing Africa September 2018 | Page 29

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY These types of urban centres also have large unsewered areas. Examples include the Accra-Tema conurbation in Ghana or the conurbation of smaller centres in Metro Manila. Smaller urban centres typically are towns that have a small CBD, possibly some small satellites and radial linear expansion along the major routes. These smaller urban centres often have very limited sewer networks, mostly relying on on-site sanitation. They may be physically close to other centres, but they have different municipal administrations, and therefore separated institutional responsibility. Large villages and small towns are typically quite compact but differ from urban centres as they have little fringe expansion. These could also be settlements that have developed around industrial or commercial activities. Examples include college campuses, airports and mines. Rural areas are typically almost entirely served by on-site systems, without any formal sewer systems. Some urban runoff management may be practised. The classification of each centre is dependent on the region. In China, for example, an urban centre w