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Shale gas covering the northern basins, but the timeline is unclear for now. Considering the lack of success so far, Song expects the government will encourage further foreign participation, most likely through joint ventures with local companies. Foreign participation For now though, Song says it’s best for investors to explore opportunities with the NOCs. Tony Regan, an Asian-gas specialist at Singapore-based consultancy Tri-Zen, agrees, saying that it would be extremely frustrating for investors to hook up with the inexperienced winners of the second acreage release, which covered some 20,000 square kms. Almost all foreign involvement in China’s shale-gas development starts with a joint study, followed by multiphase pilot programmes rather than a direct PSC. The international oil companies, eager to get a foothold in the nascent sector, are busy tying up with the NOCs. Shell and CNPC were granted China’s first foreign-invested production sharing contract (PSC) for shale gas earlier this year at the FushunYongchuan Block. The move forms part of Shell’s $1 billion per year investment programme in China’s unconventional space. The Anglo-Dutch supermajor is also drilling wells with Sinopec to test the shale potential in central China, where scant exploration has been done. The pair is carrying out a joint evaluation at the Xiang E Xi (XEX) block, at the junction of central Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in east central China. Results from hydraulic fracturing at the first well, Liye-1, were disappointing. A second well, Engye-1, is being drilled and a third one is also planned. ExxonMobil, Eni, Chevron, Hess, and Total are all carrying out joint study agreements with CNPC or Sinopec. Chevron is drilling at Sinopec’s Qiannan shale-gas block. Foreign independents are eager www.petroleum-economist.com Figure 1: China shale gas production (bcm) billion cm 150 North China Shale Tarim Shale Songliao Shale 90 Ordos Shale Junggar Shale 120 Sichuan Shale 60 30 0 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 Source: Wood Mackenzie to join the party too. Leading service providers, including Schlumberger and Halliburton, are also forming strategic partnerships with either local governments or NOCs. The government recognises it needs more foreign participation and is encouraging the joint venture model for Sino-foreign coo \