government should be doing, this can lead to greater account-
ability within the criminal justice system.
ICITAP’s program in Indonesia worked with the Indonesia
National Police (INP) to develop a Use of Force (UoF) policy.
The UoF project began at the end of 2007 and the INP intro-
duced the UoF policy in January 2009 after extensive vetting,
including review by NGOs and other civil society actors. In
May 2009, ICITAP trained 20 INP master instructors in the
UoF policy, and these master instructors participated in an
extensive train-the-trainer program. Through this cascade effect,
the INP trained more than 80,000 of its 421,000 police in the
UoF policy by the end of 2009. In 2012, the UoF policy was
formally institutionalized into the curriculum of all 30 of the
INP’s Basic Police Academies. This program resulted in the INP
developing a sustainable policy to educate the entire police force
in applying the use of force to the appropriate degree in a wide
variety of circumstances.
In 2003, ICITAP worked with the Tanzania Police Force
(TPF) to develop a new POM plan/policy. The POM policy in
force at the time was developed by the British in 1959, before
Tanzania achieved its independence from the UK. Once the
new POM policy was accepted, ICITAP worked with the TPF
to develop and conduct POM training for police at the line,
mid-level, and command officer levels. The US Embassy in Tan-
zania reported that the TPF handled POM well before, during
and after the 2005 national elections, as opposed to their poor
handling of the 2000 elections.
ICITAP worked closely with authorities in Bosnia and Herze-
govina (BiH) to develop sustainable and effective public order
management training that provided police with the skills they
needed to deal effectively with crowds during protests and
emergencies. ICITAP realized that in order to promote sustain-
able institutional development in terms of emergency man-
agement and public order management, there needed to be an
effective communication and coordination element within the
BiH Government. Also, it was absolutely critical for the BiH
Government to buy into, not only the concept of the projects,
but also the process for achieving them. This meant that while
ICITAP could play an important advising and facilitation role,
the BiH Government would need to drive the process and take
ownership of the results.
ICITAP used a strategic three-pronged approach to develop
and support projects in BiH, that combined (1) a needs assess-
ment, (2) host-nation instructors, and (3) certified curricula.
To develop the public order management program, ICITAP
worked with senior BiH police leadership to identify experi-
enced officers as potential instructors and provided them with
instructor development training. These officers then received
public order management training, which was developed locally
with ICITAP facilitation. Finally, they became public order
management master instructors in the Bosnian law enforcement
agencies, institutionalizing the training in all three BiH law
enforcement academies. As a result of ICITAP’s efforts, BiH
law enforcement agencies, which previously operated without
certified instructors, now have a cadre of 317 officers who are
certified as instructors in areas such as crowd control, basic first
aid, and tactical trauma management.
The ICITAP – BiH developmental model relies on direct en-
gagement with in-country law enforcement colleagues and part-
ners, through working groups, in all aspects of the development
process. This ensures that project outcome is tailored to the sit-
uation in the country, is relevant and useful, and is sustainable.
There is “ownership” of the entire process by the in- country law
enforcement institutions; as ICITAP BiH Program Manager
Bennett explains, “People support what they help create!”
In 2008, the ICITAP program in Nepal worked with the Home
Ministry to develop an election security working group that
included all Government of Nepal (GON) officials and security
forces commanders under a chairperson, who was the elections
commissioner, appointed by the prime minister. This working
group established coordinated support for the development and
governmental support for all education, training, planning and
operational security and communications related to the elec-
tions.
ICITAP helped the police develop a POM plan with tailored
training for the realities of Nepal, and then presented the
training. A joint elections operations center was developed that
included both security forces and the elections commission in
one ministry building. The Government of Nepal built election
command centers for both police agencies that fall under the
Home Ministry, and those under the main Nepal Police Head-
quarters. These election command centers linked the elections
commission’s joint elections operations center ( JEOC) to re-
gional and local elections offices by way of wide band net-wire-
less connectivity.
From 2011-2012 ICITAP worked with the Sierra Leone Police
on an election security program that was funded by USAID.
The project emphasized roll call training (10-30 minute mod-
ules) that started with a role play and included teaching meth-
odologies such as photographic posters and Socratic dialogue,
in addition to rote lecture. The project had three phases. From
September 3-7, 2012 (Phase 1), ICITAP Associate Director
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