PALESTINE Memories of 1948 - Photographs of Jerusalem | Page 184

1.  Ilham Abughazaleh gained her reputation,
in part, by co-founding the League of Arab
Students in Florida, the Al Zaintuna theatre in
Nablus, the Institute of Arab Women Studies
in Washington and the Institute for Women’s
Studies at Birzeit.
2. Philippe Bourmaud, “Santé et territorial-
ité : L’assurance maladie et l’ “expulsion silen-
cieuse” des familles palestiniennes”. IISMM.
Les Palestiniens entre État et diaspora. Le temps
des incertitudes, Karthala, 2012, pp.119–148.
According to the author, despite the establish-
ment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994, the
State of Israel continues to control militarily,
legally and administratively the existence of all
Palestinians living within the state, regardless
of their civil status, be they Israeli citizens, or
Palestinians from East Jerusalem, the West
Bank or the Gaza Strip. These multiple layers of
control mean that the Palestinian population
suffers the consequences of the implementation
of the strategic objectives of the Israeli State.
3. The major Palestinian newspapers were
founded in Jaffa, such as Falastin in 1911, or Al
Difa’a (The Defence) in 1934.
4. Nir Arielli, “Haifa is Still Burning: Ital-
ian, German and French Air Raids on Palestine
during the Second World War”, Middle East
Studies, vol. 46:3, 2010, pp. 331–347.
5. Baqa’a, Qatamun, Talbiya, Abu Tor and
half of Musrara would become part of West
Jerusalem after 1948.
6. Marius Schattner, Histoire de la droite
israélienne, de Jabotinsky à Shamir, Paris,
Complexe, 1999, coll. “Questions au xxe siè-
cle”. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, Israel and the
Arab World, Penguin, UK, 2015. According to
Shlaim, in the prologue, the Zionist conference
in August 1945, which voted for a policy of ac-
tive opposition to British domination, triggered
an armed uprising. The Haganah was instructed
to cooperate with the dissident groups, the most
significant of which was the National Military
Organization (Irgun) which had begun to at-
tack the British administration in Palestine af-
ter the publication of the White Paper in 1939.
Later that year, the Irgun ended its campaign
against the British, but its extremist wing, led
by Avraham Stern (who formed the Lohamei
Herut Yisrael, the fighters for the liberation
of Israel, better known by the name Lehi, its
Hebrew acronym, or as the Stern Gang) split
away and continued attacking the British. Even
though there were never more than 300 mem-
bers, Stern became the bête noir of the British.
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Memories of 1948
7.  According to Ilan Pappé, The Ethnic Cleans-
ing of Palestine, Oxford, Oneworld Publications,
2006, p. 25: After the Second World War, the
British ‘were looking for a solution that would
be based on the wishes and interests of the peo-
ple actually living in Palestine, and not of those
Zionist leaders claimed might want to move
there – in other words, a democratic solution.
Armed, but especially terrorist, attacks by the
Jewish underground militias failed to change
that Policy. Against the bombing of bridges,
military bases and the British headquarters in
Jerusalem (the King David Hotel), the Brit-
ish reacted mildly – especially in comparison
with the brutal treatment they had meted out
to Palestinian rebels in the 1930s. Retaliation
took the form of a disarmament campaign of
Jewish troops, a large number of whom they
themselves had armed and recruited, first in the
war against the Palestinian rebellion in 1937,
and then against the Axis powers in 1939.’ Ac-
cording to Henry Laurens in La Question de
Palestine, vol. III, 1947–1967, p. 35, ‘by refusing
to recognise the State of Israel according to the
resolution of November 29, 1947, Great Britain,
the former protector, was considered as an ene-
my of Israel (...). Zionist groups saw its attitude
as particularly favourable to the Arabs, and
suspected it of hatching plots against the future
Jewish state (…), subsequently qualifying the
British as ‘worthy successors of the Nazis’.’
8.  On November 29, 1947, the United Nations
General Assembly adopted Resolution 181,
the historic text in favour of the partition of
Palestine. Despite the beginning of the Cold
War, the United States and the USSR voted in
support of this resolution, while Great Britain
abstained. The resolution set out a calendar for
the creation of a Jewish state and an Arab state
linked by an economic union and outlined
plans for the international status for Jerusalem.
9. One usually addresses a woman who has
children by the name of her oldest son or
daughter. Um Nidal means mother of Nidal.
10. The British mandate in Jordan ended in
March 1946, but in 1950, the Transjordanian
army was still under the command of the Brit-
ish officer John Bagot Glubb. He had succeeded
Frederick Peake in 1939 as head of the Arab Le-
gion (the name given to the Transjordanian army
from 1923 to 1956). As a result of the Jordanian
move to Arabize the army, Glubb Pasha was re-
lieved of his command in March 1956. For more
details, see Delphine Froment, “La Légion ara-
be”, March 4, 2013 (Les Clés du Moyen-Orient).
11.  Born in Egypt, Mustafa Mahmoud wrote
on many different subjects such as the sciences,
philosophy, religion, politics and society, but
also wrote travel accounts and stories. His first
books questioned the existence of God, then
he criticised Marxism before becoming a well-
known Islamist.
12. Mario Rossi, “L’ONU et la crise du
Proche-Orient de 1967”. Politique étrangère n°5
(1975, 40th year), pp. 525–555. The author re-
counts these events in detail.
13.  In 1967, the police force was Jordanian be-
cause the West Bank had been an integral part
of Jordan since 1950.
14.  ‘Abd Al Qadir Al Husseini, one of the fig-
ures from the Arab revolt of 1936–1939 against
the Balfour Declaration, was killed fighting
against Zionist groups in Qastal. On April 9,
1948, all the men in the surrounding villages
went to Jerusalem to pay their last respects.
Knowing that the men from Deir Yasin were
at the funeral of their leader, armed Zionist
groups attacked their village, where there were
only the elderly, women and children. Accord-
ing to Red Cross figures, 254 people were mas-
sacred in Deir Yasin.
15. Ahron Bregman, Cursed Victory: A History
of Israel and the Occupied Territories, Allen Lane
(UK), 2014. According to the author, the may-
or of Nablus, Hamidi Kanaan was the emissary
of Moshe Dayan for the construction of “open
bridges” by Jordan, the purpose of which was
to allow exchanges between both sides of the
Jordan River. However, in reality, these bridges
meant that bus-loads of people from Bethle-
hem, Jerusalem, Hebron and Nablus were sent
to Jordan: they had one-way tickets, with no
possibility of return. This “invisible occupa-
tion” looked normal from the outside, but it al-
lowed Israel to move as many people as possible
from the West Bank into Jordan.
16. Raymonda Hawa Tawil is a Palestinian
writer and journalist. She was born in 1940, in
Acre, in a Christian family, who had lands in
Haifa and Galilee.
17. Sahar Khalifa is considered one of the
greatest Palestinian novelists today. Born in
Nablus, she taught at Birzeit University and
studied English literature in the USA before
coming back to Palestine where she created a
feminist study centre. She was awarded the Na-
guib Mahfouz Medal for Literature in 2006.
18. Nehal Al Masri was the daughter of a
member of the Jordanian parliament.
19.  Acre has been part of Israel since 1948.